Munyori: Jing Zhao，Zengchan Zhou，Yunlong Bu, nezvimwewo. Source Media：Agricultural Engineering Technology (greenhouse horticulture)

Fekitori iyi inosanganisa maindasitiri emazuva ano, biotechnology, hydroponics ine zvinovaka muviri uye tekinoroji yeruzivo kuti iite kutonga kwakanyatsojeka kwezvinhu zvakatikomberedza munzvimbo iyi. Yakavharirwa zvizere, haina zvinodiwa zvakanyanya nharaunda yakapoteredza, inopfupisa nguva yekukohwa zvirimwa, inochengetedza mvura nefetereza, uye nekubatsira kwekugadzira mishonga isingauraye zvipembenene uye isina marara, kushanda zvakanaka kwenzvimbo iyi kunosvika ka40 kusvika ku108 pane kugadzirwa kwemunda wakashama. Pakati pavo, chiedza chekugadzira chakangwara uye mitemo yenzvimbo ine chiedza zvinoita basa guru mukubudirira kwayo mukugadzira.

Sechinhu chakakosha chezvakatipoteredza, chiedza chinoita basa guru mukudzora kukura kwezvirimwa uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu. "Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvefekitori yezvirimwa itsime rechiedza chekugadzira uye kugona kudzora nharaunda yechiedza nekuchenjera" kwave kubvumirana kukuru muindasitiri.

Zvinomera zvinoda chiedza

Chiedza ndicho chega chinopa simba rekugadzira photosynthesis yezvirimwa. Kupenya kwechiedza, kunaka kwechiedza (spectrum) uye kuchinja kwechiedza nguva nenguva zvine simba guru pakukura nekukura kwezvirimwa, pakati pazvo kupenya kwechiedza kune simba guru pakugadzira photosynthesis yezvirimwa.

■ Kupenya kwechiedza

Kukura kwechiedza kunogona kuchinja chimiro chezvirimwa, zvakaita semaruva, kureba kwema internode, ukobvu hwehunde, uye kukura kwemashizha nehukobvu. Zvinodiwa nezvirimwa kuti chiedza chive chakasimba zvinogona kukamurwa kuva zvinoda chiedza, zvinoda chiedza chepakati, uye zvinoshivirira chiedza zvishoma. Muriwo miriwo inonyanya kuda chiedza, uye nzvimbo dzayo dzekuripa chiedza uye nzvimbo dzekuzara kwechiedza dzakakwira zvakanyanya. Mumafekitori ezvirimwa zvechiedza chekugadzira, zvinodiwa nezvirimwa kuti chiedza chive chakasimba ihwaro hwakakosha hwekusarudza masosi echiedza chekugadzira. Kunzwisisa zvinodiwa nechiedza chezvirimwa zvakasiyana kwakakosha pakugadzira masosi echiedza chekugadzira, Zvakakosha zvikuru kuvandudza mashandiro ekugadzira sisitimu.

■ Hunhu hwechiedza

Kupararira kwechiedza (spectral) kunewo simba guru pakugadzira photosynthesis yezvirimwa uye morphogenesis (Mufananidzo 1). Chiedza chikamu chemwaranzi, uye mwaranzi iwaya remagetsi. Mafungu emagetsi ane hunhu hwemafungu uye hunhu hwequantum (particle). Quantum yechiedza inonzi photon mumunda wekurima horticulture. Mwaranzi ine wavelength ye300 ~ 800nm ​​inonzi physiologically active radiation yezvirimwa; uye mwaranzi ine wavelength ye400 ~ 700nm inonzi photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) yezvirimwa.

Chlorophyll ne carotenes ndiwo mavara maviri akakosha mu photosynthesis yezvirimwa. Mufananidzo wechipiri unoratidza ma spectral absorption spectrum epigment yega yega ye photosynthetic, umo chlorophyll absorption spectrum yakakamurwa mumabhandi matsvuku nebhuruu. Sisitimu yemwenje yakavakirwa pazvinodiwa nezvirimwa zve spectral kuti zviwedzere chiedza, kuitira kuti photosynthesis yezvirimwa isimudzirwe.

■ nguva yemufananidzo
Hukama huripo pakati pe photosynthesis ne photomorphogenesis yemiti nehurefu hwezuva (kana nguva ye photoperiod) hunonzi photoperiodity yemiti. Photoperiodity ine hukama hwakasimba nenguva yechiedza, zvinoreva nguva iyo chirimwa chinopiswa nechiedza. Zvirimwa zvakasiyana zvinoda maawa akati wandei echiedza kuti chipedzise photoperiod kuti chitumbuke uye chibereke michero. Zvichienderana ne photoperiod dzakasiyana, inogona kukamurwa muzvirimwa zvezuva refu, zvakaita sekabheji, nezvimwewo, zvinoda maawa anopfuura 12-14 echiedza padanho rakati rekukura kwayo; zvirimwa zvezuva pfupi, zvakaita sehanyanisi, soyabhinzi, nezvimwewo, zvinoda maawa asingasviki 12-14 echiedza; zvirimwa zvezuva repakati nepakati, zvakaita semagaka, matomatisi, mhiripiri, nezvimwewo, zvinogona kutumbuka uye kubereka michero pasi pezuva refu kana pfupi.
Pakati pezvinhu zvitatu zviri munharaunda, simba rechiedza ndiro hwaro hwakakosha hwekusarudza manyuko echiedza chekugadzira. Parizvino, kune nzira dzakawanda dzekuratidza simba rechiedza, kunyanya kusanganisira nhatu dzinotevera.
（1）Kuvhenekerwa kunoreva huwandu hwepamusoro hwechiedza chinopenya (chiedza chinopenya pachikamu chimwe nechimwe) chinogamuchirwa mudenga rakavhenekerwa, mu lux (lx).

(2) Mwaranzi inoshanda nephotosynthesis, PAR，Chikamu：W/m²。

（3）PPFD kana PPF ndiyo nhamba yemwaranzi inoshanda inogadzirwa nephotosynthesis inosvika kana kupfuura nenguva yeyuniti nenzvimbo yeyuniti, unit：μmol/(m²·s). Inonyanya kureva simba rechiedza re400~700nm rine chekuita zvakananga nephotosynthesis. Ndiyo zvakare chiratidzo chinonyanya kushandiswa chesimba rechiedza mumunda wekugadzirwa kwezvirimwa.

Kuongororwa kwechiedza chesystem yekuwedzera chiedza
Chishandiso chekuwedzera chiedza chekugadzira chinosanganisira kuwedzera simba rechiedza munzvimbo yakatarwa kana kuwedzera nguva yechiedza nekuisa sisitimu yekuwedzera chiedza kuti igutse zvinodiwa nechiedza chezvirimwa. Kazhinji, sisitimu yekuwedzera chiedza inosanganisira michina yekuwedzera chiedza, maseketi uye sisitimu yayo yekudzora. Matsime ekuwedzera echiedza anosanganisira mhando dzakasiyana siyana dzakadai semwenje yeincandescent, mwenje yefluorescent, mwenje yesimbi halide, mwenje yesodium ine simba rakawanda uye maLED. Nekuda kwekushanda kwakaderera kwemwenje yeincandescent, kushanda kwakaderera kwesimba rephotosynthetic nezvimwe zvikanganiso, yakabviswa nemusika, saka chinyorwa chino hachiiti ongororo yakadzama.

■ Rambi reFluorescent
Marambi eFluorescent ndeemhando yemarambi anoburitsa gasi ane simba shoma. Chubhu yegirazi yakazadzwa ne mercury vapor kana gasi risina simba, uye rusvingo rwemukati rwechubhu rwakafukidzwa neupfu hwe fluorescent. Ruvara rwechiedza runosiyana nemidziyo ye fluorescent yakaputirwa muchubhu. Marambi e fluorescent ane mashandiro akanaka e spectral, kushanda zvakanaka kwechiedza, simba shoma, hupenyu hurefu (12000h) zvichienzaniswa nemarambi e incandescent, uye mutengo wakaderera. Nekuti rambi re fluorescent pacharo rinoburitsa kupisa kushoma, rinogona kuva pedyo nemiti kuti rivheneke uye rakakodzera kurimwa mumativi matatu. Zvisinei, kurongeka kwerambi re fluorescent hakunzwisisike. Nzira yakajairika pasi rose ndeyekuwedzera ma reflectors kuti awedzere zvikamu zvinobudirira zvechiedza zvezvirimwa munzvimbo yekurima. Kambani ye adv-agri yekuJapan yakagadzirawo rudzi rutsva rwe HEFL yekuwedzera chiedza. HEFL chaizvoizvo ndeyechikamu chemarambi e fluorescent. Izwi rekuti mwenje we fluorescent we cold cathode (CCFL) uye mwenje we electrode fluorescent we external (EEFL), uye mwenje we electrode fluorescent wakasanganiswa. Chubhu yeHEFL yakatetepa zvikuru, ine dhayamita ye4mm chete, uye kureba kwayo kunogona kugadziriswa kubva pa450mm kusvika 1200mm zvichienderana nezvinodiwa pakurima. Ishanduro yakagadziridzwa yerambi remagetsi rinoshandisa fluorescent.

■ Rambi resimbi rehalide
Mwenje wesimbi wehalide irambi rinoburitsa chiedza rakasimba rinogona kukurudzira zvinhu zvakasiyana kuti zvigadzire mawavelength akasiyana nekuwedzera mhando dzakasiyana dzesimbi (tin bromide, sodium iodide, nezvimwewo) muchubhu yekuburitsa chiedza zvichibva pamwenje wemercury une simba guru. Mwenje wehalogen une simba guru rekuvhenekera chiedza, simba guru, ruvara rwakanaka rwechiedza, hupenyu hurefu, uye spectrum yakakura. Zvisinei, nekuti simba rekuvhenekera rakaderera pane remwenje yesodium ine simba guru, uye nguva yehupenyu ipfupi pane yemwenje yesodium ine simba guru, parizvino inoshandiswa mumafekitori mashoma emiti.

■ Rambi re sodium rinomanikidzwa zvakanyanya
Marambi e sodium ane simba guru ndeemhando yemarambi anoburitsa gasi ane simba guru. Rambi re sodium rine simba guru irambi rinoshanda zvakanyanya umo vapori ye sodium ine simba guru inozadzwa muchubhu yekuburitsa, uye huwandu hushoma hwe xenon (Xe) ne mercury metal halide zvinowedzerwa. Nekuti marambi e sodium ane simba guru rekushandura magetsi nemagetsi nemitengo yakaderera yekugadzira, marambi e sodium ane simba guru parizvino ndiwo anonyanya kushandiswa mukushandisa chiedza chekuwedzera munzvimbo dzekurima. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekushaikwa kwesimba shoma re photosynthesis mu spectrum yavo, ane zvikanganiso zvesimba shoma. Kune rumwe rutivi, zvikamu zve spectral zvinoburitswa nemarambi e sodium ane simba guru zvinonyanya kuunganidzwa mubhendi reyero-orenji, risina ma spectra matsvuku nebhuruu anodiwa pakukura kwezvirimwa.

■ Diode inoburitsa chiedza
Sechizvarwa chitsva chezvitubu zvechiedza, ma LED ane zvakanakira zvakawanda zvakaita sekushanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi, spectrum inogadziriswa, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwe photosynthesis. LED inogona kuburitsa chiedza che monochromatic chinodiwa pakukura kwezvirimwa. Kana ichienzaniswa nemwenje ye fluorescent yakajairika nedzimwe mwenje dzinowedzera, LED ine zvakanakira zvekuchengetedza simba, kuchengetedza nharaunda, kurarama kwenguva refu, chiedza che monochromatic, chiedza chinotonhora nezvimwewo. Nekuvandudzwa kuri kuitwa kwekushanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi e LED uye kudzikiswa kwemitengo inokonzerwa nehukuru, masisitimu emwenje ye LED achava michina mikuru yekuwedzera chiedza muzvivakwa zvekurima. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mwenje ye LED yakashandiswa mumafekitori ezvirimwa anopfuura 99.9%.

Nekuenzanisa, hunhu hwemamwe manyuko echiedza anowedzera hunogona kunzwisiswa zvakajeka, sezvakaratidzwa muTafura 1.

Chishandiso chemwenje chinofambiswa
Kukura kwechiedza kwakabatana zvikuru nekukura kwezvirimwa. Kurima kwezvikamu zvitatu kunowanzo shandiswa mumafekitori ezvirimwa. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekuganhurirwa kwechimiro chemaraki ekurima, kupararira kwechiedza nekupisa zvisina kuenzana pakati pemaraki kuchakanganisa goho rezvirimwa uye nguva yekukohwa haizowiriraniswi. Kambani muBeijing yakabudirira kugadzira mudziyo wekuwedzera mwenje wekubata nemaoko (HPS lighting fixture uye LED grow light fixture) muna 2010. Nheyo ndeyekutenderedza shaft yekutyaira uye winder yakaiswa pairi nekuzunza mubato kuti utenderedze firimu diki kuti uwane chinangwa chekudzosera nekusunungura tambo yewaya. Tambo yewaya yechiedza chekukura yakabatana nevhiri rinotenderera reelevator kuburikidza nemaseti akawanda emavhiri ekudzokera shure, kuitira kuti uwane mhedzisiro yekugadzirisa kukwirira kwechiedza chekukura. Muna 2017, kambani yataurwa pamusoro apa yakagadzira uye yakagadzira mudziyo mutsva wekuwedzera mwenje wekufamba, unogona kugadzirisa otomatiki kukwirira kwechiedza chekuwedzera munguva chaiyo zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nekukura kwezvirimwa. Mudziyo wekugadzirisa ikozvino waiswa paraki yekurima yemhando yetatu-layer light source lifting type three-dimensional. Chikamu chepamusoro chemuchina ndicho chakaenzana nechiedza chakanakisa, saka chine marambi e sodium ane simba guru; chikamu chepakati nechikamu chepasi zvine marambi e LED ekukura uye sisitimu yekugadzirisa kusimudza. Chinogona kugadzirisa otomatiki kukwirira kwechiedza chekukura kuti chipe nzvimbo yakakodzera yechiedza chezvirimwa.

Zvichienzaniswa nemudziyo wekuwedzera chiedza wefoni wakagadzirirwa kurimwa nemativi matatu, Netherlands yakagadzira mudziyo wekuwedzera chiedza che LED chinofambiswa chakatarwa. Kuti dzidzivise kukanganiswa kwemumvuri wechiedza chekukura pakukura kwezvirimwa muzuva, sisitimu yechiedza chekukura inogona kusundirwa kumativi ese ebracket kuburikidza netelescopic slide munzira yakatwasuka, kuitira kuti zuva rivhenekerwe zvizere pazvirimwa; pamazuva ane makore uye mvura isina chiedza chezuva, Sundidzira sisitimu yechiedza chekukura pakati pebracket kuti chiedza chesystem yechiedza chekukura chizadze zvirimwa zvakaenzana; fambisa sisitimu yechiedza chekukura yakatambanuka kuburikidza neslide iri pabracket, dzivisa kupatsanurwa uye kubviswa kwesystem yechiedza chekukura, uye kuderedza simba revashandi, nokudaro zvichivandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwebasa.

Mazano ekugadzira sisitimu yechiedza chemazuva ese
Hazvina kuoma kuona kubva pakugadzirwa kwemudziyo wekuwedzera wemwenje wefoni kuti dhizaini yesystem yekuwedzera yemwenje yefekitori yefekitori inowanzo tora simba rechiedza, mhando yechiedza uye zviyero zve photoperiod zvenguva dzakasiyana dzekukura kwezvirimwa sezviri mukati medhizaini, zvichivimba nesystem yekudzora yakangwara kuti iite, zvichizadzisa chinangwa chikuru chekuchengetedza simba uye goho guru.

Parizvino, dhizaini nekugadzirwa kwechiedza chekuwedzera chemuriwo wemashizha zvakakura zvishoma nezvishoma. Semuenzaniso, miriwo yemashizha inogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zvina: danho rembeu, pakati pekukura, kunonoka kukura, uye danho rekupedzisira; michero-muriwo inogona kukamurwa kuita danho rembeu, danho rekukura kwemuriwo, danho rekutumbuka, uye danho rekukohwa. Kubva pane hunhu hwechiedza chekuwedzera, simba rechiedza muchikamu chembeu rinofanira kunge rakaderera zvishoma, pa60~200 μmol/(m²·s), uye rozowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma. Muriwo wemashizha unogona kusvika pa100~200 μmol/(m²·s), uye miriwo yemichero inogona kusvika pa300~500 μmol/(m²·s) kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvinodiwa zvechiedza chephotosynthesis yemiti zvinoonekwa panguva yega yega yekukura uye kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvekukohwa kwakanyanya; Panyaya yemhando yechiedza, chiyero chetsvuku nebhuruu chakakosha zvikuru. Kuti michero iwedzere kunaka uye kudzivirira kukura zvakanyanya muchikamu chekumera, chiyero chetsvuku nebhuruu chinowanzoiswa padanho rakaderera [(1~2:1], uye chobva chaderedzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kuti chisangane nezvinodiwa nechimiro chechiedza chezvirimwa. Chiyero chetsvuku nebhuruu nemiriwo ine mashizha chinogona kuiswa pa (3~6):1). Kune nguva yekupenya, yakafanana nekupenya kwechiedza, inofanira kuratidza maitiro ekuwedzera nekuwedzera kwenguva yekukura, kuitira kuti miriwo ine mashizha ive nenguva yakawanda yekugadzira photosynthesis. Dhizaini yekuwedzera chiedza yemichero nemiriwo ichave yakaoma. Kuwedzera kune mitemo yekutanga yataurwa pamusoro apa, tinofanira kutarisa pamamiriro enguva yekupenya kwechiedza panguva yekumera, uye kutumbuka nemichero yemiriwo kunofanirwa kusimudzirwa, kuitira kuti tisadzorere shure.

Zvakakosha kutaura kuti fomura yechiedza inofanira kusanganisira mushonga wekupedzisira wemamiriro ekunze ane chiedza. Semuenzaniso, kuwedzerwa kwechiedza nguva dzose kunogona kuvandudza goho uye mhando yembeu dzemiriwo dzine mashizha ehydroponic, kana kushandisa mushonga weUV kuvandudza zvakanyanya michero yemashizha nemiriwo ine mashizha (kunyanya Mashizha epepuru nelettuce yemashizha matsvuku) hutano.

Pamusoro pekugadzirisa kuwedzera kwechiedza kune zvirimwa zvakasarudzwa, sisitimu yekudzora chiedza yemamwe mafekitori emwenje wekugadzira yakavandudzwawo nekukurumidza mumakore achangopfuura. Sisitimu iyi yekudzora inowanzo shandiswa paB/S structure. Kudzora kure uye kudzora otomatiki zvinhu zvakaita sekupisa, hunyoro, chiedza, uye huwandu hweCO2 panguva yekukura kwezvirimwa kunoitwa kuburikidza neWIFI, uye panguva imwe chete, nzira yekugadzira isingadziviswe nemamiriro ekunze inowanikwa. Rudzi urwu rwesisitimu yemwenje yakangwara inoshandisa LED grow light fixture sesumo yechiedza chekuwedzera, pamwe chete ne remote intelligent control system, inogona kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekuvhenekesa plant wavelength, inonyanya kukodzera nzvimbo yekurima plant inodzorwa nechiedza, uye inogona kusangana nezvinodiwa nemusika.

Mashoko ekupedzisa
Mafekitori ezvirimwa anoonekwa senzira yakakosha yekugadzirisa matambudziko epasi rose, huwandu hwevanhu uye zvakatipoteredza muzana remakore rechi21, uye nzira yakakosha yekuwana kuzviriritira kwechikafu mumapurojekiti epamusoro-soro emangwana. Semhando itsva yenzira yekugadzira zvekurima, mafekitori ezvirimwa achiri muchikamu chekudzidza nekukura, uye kutarisisa kwakawanda nekutsvaga zvinodiwa. Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura hunhu uye zvakanakira nzira dzakajairika dzekuwedzera mwenje mumafekitori ezvirimwa, uye chinosuma mazano ekugadzira masisitimu ekuwedzera mwenje ezvirimwa. Hazvina kuoma kuwana kuburikidza nekuenzanisa, kuitira kubata nechiedza chidiki chinokonzerwa nemamiriro ekunze akaipisisa akadai semakore anoramba achinaya uye mhute uye kuve nechokwadi chekugadzirwa kwakanyanya uye kwakasimba kwezvirimwa zvezvivakwa, michina yechiedza che LED Grow inoenderana zvakanyanya nemafambiro aripo ekuvandudza.

Nzira yekufambira mberi kwemafekitori emiti mune ramangwana inofanira kutarisa pamasensa matsva akanyatsojeka, asingadhuri, masisitimu emwenje wespectrum anogona kudzorwa kure, anogadziriswa uye masisitimu ekutonga enyanzvi. Panguva imwe chete, mafekitori emiti emangwana acharamba achikura kusvika pamutengo wakaderera, wakangwara, uye unochinjika wega. Kushandiswa uye kufarirwa kwezvitubu zvemwenje we LED zvinopa vimbiso yekudzora nharaunda kwemafekitori emiti nehunyanzvi. Kudzora nharaunda yemwenje we LED inzira yakaoma inosanganisira kudzora kwakazara kwemhando yechiedza, simba rechiedza, uye photoperiod. Nyanzvi nenyanzvi dzakakodzera dzinofanira kuita tsvakiridzo yakadzama, dzichikurudzira mwenje we LED wekuwedzera mumafekitori emwenje wekugadzira.