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Kunyudzwa kwezvinovaka muviri zvakawanda inzira yakabatana zvakanyanya nemabasa emidzi yemiti. Maitiro aya anoda simba rinogadzirwa nekufema kwemasero emidzi, uye kunyudzwa kwemvura kunodzorwawo nekupisa nekufema, uye kufema kunoda kubatanidzwa kweokisijeni, saka okisijeni iri mumidzi ine simba guru pakukura kwezvirimwa. Kuwanda kweokisijeni mumvura kunokanganiswa nekupisa nemunyu, uye chimiro chesubstrate chinosarudza huwandu hwemhepo mumidzi. Kudiridza kune misiyano mikuru mukuvandudzwa uye kuwedzerwa kwehuwandu hweokisijeni mumidzi ine mamiriro akasiyana ehuwandu hwemvura. Pane zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoita kuti okisijeni ive nani mumidzi, asi huwandu hwesimba rechinhu chimwe nechimwe hwakasiyana zvikuru. Kuchengetedza kugona kwemvura musubstrate (huwandu hwemhepo) ndiyo pfungwa yekuchengetedza huwandu hwakawanda hweokisijeni mumidzi.

Mhedzisiro yekupisa uye munyu pane huwandu hweokisijeni hwakazara mumushonga

Okisijeni yakanyungudika mumvura

Okisijeni yakanyungudutswa inonyungudutswa mumvura isina kusungwa kana kuti yakasununguka, uye huwandu hweokisijeni yakanyungudutswa mumvura hunosvika pakakwirira pane imwe tembiricha, inova huwandu hweokisijeni yakaguta. Huwandu hweokisijeni yakaguta mumvura hunochinja netembiricha, uye kana tembiricha ikawedzera, huwandu hweokisijeni hunoderera. Huwandu hweokisijeni yakaguta mumvura yakachena hwakakwira kupfuura hwemvura yegungwa ine munyu (Mufananidzo 1), saka huwandu hweokisijeni yakaguta yemhinduro dzezvinovaka muviri dzine huwandu hwakasiyana huchasiyana.

Kutakurwa kweokisijeni mu matrix

Okisijeni inowanikwa nemidzi yezvirimwa zvegreenhouse kubva mumushonga wekudya inofanira kunge yakasununguka, uye okisijeni inotakurwa musubstrate kuburikidza nemhepo nemvura nemvura yakatenderedza midzi. Kana yakaenzana nehuwandu hweokisijeni mumhepo patembiricha yakatarwa, okisijeni inonyungudutswa mumvura inosvika pakakwirira, uye kuchinja kwehuwandu hweokisijeni mumhepo kunotungamira kukuchinja kwakaenzana kwehuwandu hweokisijeni mumvura.

Migumisiro yekushushikana kwekushaya hope mumidzi yezvirimwa

Zvikonzero zvekushaya simba kwemidzi

Pane zvikonzero zvakawanda zvinoita kuti njodzi yekushaya okisijeni mumuviri (hypoxia) mu hydroponics uye substrate growth systems iwedzere muzhizha. Chekutanga, huwandu hweokisijeni mumvura huchaderera sezvo tembiricha ichikwira. Chechipiri, okisijeni inodiwa kuchengetedza kukura kwemidzi inowedzera nekuwedzera kwekupisa. Uyezve, huwandu hwezvinovaka muviri hunokwira muzhizha, saka kudiwa kweokisijeni kuti iwane zvinovaka muviri kwakakwira. Izvi zvinotungamira kudzikira kwehuwandu hweokisijeni mumuviri uye kushaikwa kwekuwedzera kunoshanda, izvo zvinotungamira kukushaya okisijeni mumuviri munharaunda.

Kunyudzwa uye kukura

Kutorwa kwezvinovaka muviri zvakakosha kunoenderana nemaitiro ane chekuita nekushandiswa kwemidzi, ayo anoda simba rinogadzirwa nekufema kwemasero emidzi, ndiko kuti, kuora kwezvigadzirwa zve photosynthetic paine okisijeni. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti 10% ~ 20% yehuwandu hwese hwezvirimwa zvematomatisi zvinoshandiswa mumidzi, 50% yazvo inoshandiswa mukutorwa kweion yezvinovaka muviri, 40% yekukura uye 10% chete yekuchengetedza. Midzi inofanira kuwana okisijeni munzvimbo yakananga kwainoburitsa CO2.₂Kana paine mamiriro ekusafema anokonzerwa nekusafema zvakanaka kwemhepo mumidziyo yemuchadenga nemidziyo yemuchadenga, kushaya hope kunokanganisa kunwa kwemvura nezvinovaka muviri. Kushaya hope kunokurumidza kupindura pakunwa zvinovaka muviri, kureva nitrate (NO).₃^-), potasium (K) uye phosphate (PO2)₄^3-), izvo zvinokanganisa kunyudzwa kwecalcium (Ca) nemagnesium (Mg) mumuviri.

Kukura kwemidzi yemiti kunoda simba, kushanda kwemidzi yemiti nguva dzose kunoda oxygen shoma, uye oxygen iri pasi peCOP value inova chinhu chinotadzisa metabolism yemidzi yemiti (hypoxia). Kana huwandu hweoxygen huri pasi, kukura kwacho kunononoka kana kutomira. Kana chikamu chemidzi yemiti chisina simba chinongokanganisa matavi nemashizha chete, midzi yemiti inogona kutsiva chikamu chemidzi yemiti chisisiri kushanda nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero nekuwedzera kunyudzwa kwemidzi yacho.

Maitiro ekugadzirisa zvirimwa anoenderana neokisijeni semugamuchiri wemaerekitironi. Pasina okisijeni, kugadzirwa kweATP kunomira. Pasina ATP, kubuda kwemapurotoni kubva mumidzi kunomira, muto wemasero emidzi uchava acidic, uye masero aya anofa mukati memaawa mashoma. Kushaya hope kwenguva pfupi uye kwenguva pfupi hakuzokonzere kushushikana kwekudya kusingagadzirisiki mumiti. Nekuda kwenzira yekufema "nitrate", inogona kunge iri nzira pfupi yekugadzirisa kushaya hope seimwe nzira panguva yekushaya hope mumidzi. Zvisinei, kushaya hope kwenguva refu kunotungamira kukura zvishoma nezvishoma, nzvimbo yemashizha yakaderera uye huremu hutsva uye hwakaoma hushoma, izvo zvinotungamira kudzikira kukuru kwegoho rezvirimwa.

Ethylene

Zvirimwa zvinogadzira ethylene panzvimbo yacho pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakawanda. Kazhinji, ethylene inobviswa pamidzi nekupararira mumhepo yevhu. Kana mvura yakawandisa, kuumbwa kwe ethylene hakungowedzeri chete, asiwo kupararira kwayo kunoderedzwa zvakanyanya nekuti midzi inenge yakakomberedzwa nemvura. Kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwe ethylene kuchaita kuti pave nekufefetera kwemidzi (Mufananidzo 2). Ethylene inogonawo kukonzera kuchembera kwemashizha, uye kusangana pakati pe ethylene ne auxin kunowedzera kuumbwa kwemidzi inobuda.

Kushaya simba reokisijeni kunotungamira pakudzikira kwekukura kwemashizha

ABA inogadzirwa mumidzi nemashizha kuti ikwanise kubata nematambudziko akasiyana-siyana ezvakatipoteredza. Mumidzi, mhinduro inowanzoitwa pakushushikana ndeyekuvhara kwedumbu, izvo zvinosanganisira kuumbwa kweABA. Stomata isati yavharwa, pamusoro pemuti unorasikirwa nekuzvimba, mashizha epamusoro anosvava, uye kushanda kwephotosynthetic kunogonawo kudzikira. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakaratidza kuti stomata inopindura kuwedzera kwehuwandu hweABA muapoplast nekuvhara, kureva kuti, huwandu hwese hweABA mumashizha asiri mashizha nekuburitsa intracellular ABA, zvirimwa zvinogona kuwedzera huwandu hweapoplast ABA nekukurumidza. Kana zvirimwa zviri pasi pekumanikidzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, zvinotanga kuburitsa ABA mumasero, uye chiratidzo chekuburitswa kwemidzi chinogona kutapurirwa mumaminitsi panzvimbo pemaawa. Kuwedzera kweABA mumashizha kunogona kuderedza kureba kwemadziro esero uye kutungamira kudzikira kwekureba kwemashizha. Imwe mhedzisiro yehypoxia ndeyekuti hupenyu hwemashizha hunopfupikiswa, izvo zvinokanganisa mashizha ese. Hypoxia inowanzo tungamira kudzikira kwekutakura kwe cytokinin ne nitrate. Kushaikwa kwenitrogen kana cytokinin kunopfupisa nguva yekuchengetedza nzvimbo yemashizha uye kumisa kukura kwematavi nemashizha mukati memazuva mashoma.

Kugadzirisa mamiriro emidzi yezvirimwa neokisijeni

Hunhu hwesubstrate hunonyanya kukosha pakupararira kwemvura neokisijeni. Kuwanda kweokisijeni mumidzi yemiriwo yegreenhouse kunonyanya kuenderana nekukwanisa kwesubstrate kubata mvura, kudiridza (hukuru uye kuwanda), chimiro chesubstrate uye tembiricha yesubstrate. Kana huwandu hweokisijeni mumidzi hwava pamusoro pe10% (4~5mg/L) ndipo panogona kuramba paine midzi yakanaka.

Midzi yezvirimwa yakakosha zvikuru pakukura kwezvirimwa uye kudzivirira zvirwere zvezvirimwa. Mvura nezvinovaka muviri zvinotorwa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nezvirimwa. Zvisinei, mwero weokisijeni mumidzi unonyanya kusarudza kushanda zvakanaka kwezvinovaka muviri nemvura uye kunaka kwemidzi. Mwero weokisijeni wakakwana mumidzi unogona kuve nechokwadi chehutano hwemidzi, kuitira kuti zvirimwa zvive nekudzivirira zviri nani kuzvipembenene zvinotapukira (Mufananidzo 3). Mwero weokisijeni wakakwana muvhu unoderedzawo njodzi yemamiriro ekusagadzikana kwemhepo, nokudaro zvichideredza njodzi yezvipembenene zvinotapukira.

Kushandiswa kweokisijeni munzvimbo ine midzi

Kushandiswa kweokisijeni kwakanyanya muzvirimwa kunogona kusvika pa40mg/m2/h (kushandiswa kunoenderana nezvirimwa). Zvichienderana nekupisa, mvura yekudiridza inogona kunge iine okisijeni inosvika 7~8mg/L (Mufananidzo 4). Kuti isvike 40 mg, 5L yemvura inofanira kupihwa awa yega yega kuti igutse kudiwa kweokisijeni, asi kutaura chokwadi, huwandu hwekudiridza muzuva rimwe chete hunogona kusasvika. Izvi zvinoreva kuti okisijeni inopihwa nekudiridza inoita basa diki chete. Ruzhinji rweokisijeni runosvika panzvimbo yemidzi kuburikidza nemaburi ari mu matrix, uye mupiro weokisijeni kuburikidza nemaburi unosvika pa90%, zvichienderana nenguva yezuva. Kana kupwa kwemiti kwasvika pakakwirira, huwandu hwekudiridza hunosvikawo pakakwirira, hwakaenzana ne1~1.5L/m2/h. Kana mvura yekudiridza iine okisijeni inosvika 7mg/L, ichapa okisijeni inosvika 7~11mg/m2/h panzvimbo yemidzi. Izvi zvakaenzana ne17%~25% yezvinodiwa. Ehe, izvi zvinoshanda chete kana mvura yekudiridza isina oxygen yakakwana iri muvhu inotsiviwa nemvura yekudiridza itsva.

Pamusoro pekushandiswa kwemidzi, tupukanana turi mumidzi tinoshandisawo okisijeni. Zvakaoma kuyera izvi nekuti hapana kuyerwa kwakaitwa panyaya iyi. Sezvo tupukanana tutsva tuchitsiviwa gore rega rega, zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti tupukanana tunoita basa diki mukushandiswa kweokisijeni.

Gadzirisa tembiricha yemidzi yemiti

Kupisa kwemidzi yemidzi kwakakosha zvikuru pakukura nekushanda zvakanaka kwemidzi yemidzi, uye chinhu chakakoshawo chinokanganisa kunyudzwa kwemvura nezvinovaka muviri nemidzi yemidzi.

Kupisa kwakanyanya kwe substrate (tembiricha yemidzi) kunogona kukonzera kuoma kwekunwa mvura. Pa5℃, kunwa mvura kwakaderera ne70% ~ 80% pane pa20℃. Kana tembiricha yakaderera ye substrate ikaperekedzwa netembiricha yepamusoro, zvichaita kuti chirimwa chiome. Zviri pachena kuti kunwa kwemaion kunoenderana netembiricha, izvo zvinodzivisa kunwa kwemaion patembiricha yakaderera, uye kunzwa kwezvinovaka muviri zvakasiyana netembiricha kwakasiyana.

Kupisa kwakanyanya kwe substrate hakubatsiriwo, uye kunogona kukonzera midzi yakakura zvakanyanya. Nemamwe mashoko, kune kupararira kusina kuenzana kwezvinhu zvakaoma mumiti. Nekuti midzi yakakura zvakanyanya, kurasikirwa kusingakoshi kunoitika kuburikidza nekufema, uye chikamu ichi chesimba rakarasika chingadai chakashandiswa pakukohwa chikamu chemuti. Pakupisa kwakanyanya kwe substrate, huwandu hweokisijeni yakanyungudutswa hwakaderera, izvo zvine simba guru pahuwandu hweokisijeni mumidzi kupfuura okisijeni inodyiwa netupukanana. Midzi inoshandisa okisijeni yakawanda, uye inototungamira kuhypoxia kana substrate isina kunaka kana chimiro chevhu, nokudaro zvichideredza kunyudzwa kwemvura nemaion.

Chengetedza simba rematrix rekubata mvura rakaringana.

Pane hukama husina kunaka pakati pehuwandu hwemvura nehuwandu hweoxygen mu matrix. Kana huwandu hwemvura hukawedzera, huwandu hweoxygen hunoderera, uye zvinopesana. Pane musiyano wakakosha pakati pehuwandu hwemvura neoxygen mu matrix, kureva kuti, 80% ~ 85% yehuwandu hwemvura (Mufananidzo 5). Kuchengetedza huwandu hwemvura kwenguva refu pamusoro pe85% mu substrate kuchakanganisa kupihwa kweoxygen. Ruzhinji rwekupihwa kweoxygen (75% ~ 90%) runoitika kuburikidza nemaburi ari mu matrix.

Kuwedzera kwemvura yekudiridza kune oxygen iri mu substrate

Kupenya kwezuva kwakawanda kuchaita kuti okisijeni ishandiswe zvakanyanya uye kudzika kweoxygen mumidzi (Mufananidzo 6), uye shuga yakawanda ichaita kuti okisijeni ishandiswe zvakanyanya husiku. Kufemera kwakasimba, kunwa mvura kwakawanda, uye kune mhepo yakawanda uye okisijeni yakawanda mu substrate. Zvinogona kuonekwa kubva kuruboshwe rweMufananidzo 7 kuti okisijeni iri mu substrate ichawedzera zvishoma mushure mekudiridza kana mvura iri mu substrate yakakwira uye mhepo iri shoma kwazvo. Sezvakaratidzwa kurudyi rwemufananidzo 7, kana paine chiedza chiri nani, mhepo iri mu substrate inowedzera nekuda kwekunwa mvura yakawanda (nguva imwe chete yekudiridza). Simba rekudiridza pa okisijeni iri mu substrate rakaderera zvikuru pane simba rekubata mvura (mweya uri mu substrate).

Kurukurai

Mukugadzirwa chaiko, huwandu hwemhepo (oxygen) mumidzi yezvirimwa hunoregeredzwa zviri nyore, asi chinhu chakakosha kuti zvirimwa zvikure zvakanaka uye kuti midzi ikure zvakanaka.

Kuti muwane goho guru panguva yekurima zvirimwa, zvakakosha kuchengetedza midzi yemiti iri mumamiriro akanaka kwazvo sezvinobvira. Ongororo dzakaratidza kuti O₂huwandu hwemidzi iri pasi pe4mg/L huchava nemigumisiro yakaipa pakukura kwezvirimwa.₂Zviri mumidzi zvinonyanya kukanganiswa nekudiridza (huwandu hwekudiridza uye kuwanda kwezvinoitika), chimiro chesubstrate, huwandu hwemvura musubstrate, tembiricha yegreenhouse nesubstrate, uye mapatani akasiyana ekudyara achasiyana. Algae netupukanana twune hukama hwakati wandei nehuwandu hweokisijeni mumidzi yezvirimwa zvehydroponic. Hypoxia haingokonzere kukura zvishoma nezvishoma kwezvirimwa, asiwo inowedzera kumanikidzwa kwezvirwere zvemidzi (pythium, phytophthora, fusarium) pakukura kwemidzi.

Nzira yekudiridza ine simba guru paO₂zviri mukati mevhu, uye inzira inodzorwa zviri nani pakudyara. Dzimwe ongororo dzekudyara marose dzakaona kuti kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma huwandu hwemvura muvhu (mangwanani) kunogona kuita kuti oxygen ive nani. Muvhu rine simba shoma rekubata mvura, vhu rinogona kuchengetedza huwandu hwakawanda hweokisijeni, uye panguva imwe chete, zvakakosha kudzivirira mutsauko wehuwandu hwemvura pakati pevhu kuburikidza nekudiridza kwakawanda uye nguva pfupi. Kana huwandu hwemvura hwevhu hukadzikira, musiyano uripo pakati pevhu unowedzera. Hunyoro, kudiridza kwakaderera uye nguva yakareba zvinoita kuti mhepo itsiviwe uye mamiriro eokisijeni akanaka.

Kuyerera kwemvura mu substrate chimwe chinhu chine simba guru pakuvandudzwa kwemvura uye mwero we oxygen mu substrate, zvichienderana nerudzi uye kugona kwemvura kwe substrate. Mvura yekudiridza haifanirwe kugara pasi pe substrate kwenguva yakareba, asi inofanira kuburitswa nekukurumidza kuitira kuti mvura yekudiridza itsva ine oxygen yakawanda isvike pasi pe substrate zvakare. Kumhanya kwemvura kunogona kukanganiswa nezvimwe zviyero zviri nyore, zvakaita sekuwedzera kwemvura mumativi erefu nehupamhi. Kukura kwemvura, ndiko kukurumidza kwemvura. Substrate dzakasiyana dzine maburi akasiyana uye huwandu hwemaburi anobuda hwakasiyanawo.

MUGUMO

[ruzivo rwekutsanangura]

Xie Yuanpei. Mhedzisiro yehuwandu hweokisijeni munzvimbo dziri mumidzi yezvirimwa zvinodziya pakukura kwezvirimwa [J]. Agricultural Engineering Technology, 2022,42(31):21-24.