Zvekurima engineering tekinoroji yegreenhouse gadheni Yakabudiswa muBeijing na17:30 muna Ndira 13, 2023.

Kutorwa kwezvizhinji zvechikafu inzira ine hukama nekuita kwemetabolism yemidzi yezvirimwa.Aya maitiro anoda simba rinogadzirwa nemudzi masero ekufema, uye kunyura kwemvura kunodzorwawo netembiricha nekufema, uye kufema kunoda kutora chikamu kweokisijeni, saka okisijeni munharaunda yemidzi ine simba rakakosha pakukura kwezvirimwa.Iyo yakanyungudika yeokisijeni yemukati mumvura inokanganiswa nekupisa uye salinity, uye chimiro che substrate chinotarisa mhepo yemukati mumidzi nharaunda.Kudiridza kune misiyano mikuru mukuvandudzwa uye kuwedzera kweokisijeni yemukati mune substrates ine dzakasiyana siyana dzemukati dzemvura.Pane zvakawanda zvinhu zvekukwirisa iyo okisijeni yemukati munharaunda yemidzi, asi pesvedzero dhigirii rechimwe nechimwe chinhu rakasiyana.Kuchengetedza inonzwisisika substrate mvura inobata simba (mhepo yemukati) ndiyo mamiriro ekuchengetedza yakakwira okisijeni mukati memidzi midzi.

Mhedzisiro yetembiricha uye salinity pane yakazadzwa oxygen yemukati mune mhinduro

Okisijeni yakanyungudika mumvura

Okisijeni yakanyungudika inonyungudutswa muokisijeni isina kusungwa kana yemahara mumvura, uye zvirimo zveokisijeni yakanyungudika mumvura zvinosvika pakakwirira pane imwe tembiricha, inova yakazara okisijeni.Iyo yakazara okisijeni iri mumvura inoshanduka nekudziya, uye kana tembiricha yawedzera, huwandu hweokisijeni hunodzikira.Okisijeni yakasvibiswa yemvura yakachena yakakwirira kudarika yemvura yegungwa ine munyu (Mufananidzo1), saka iyo yakanyanyisa okisijeni yezvigadzirwa zvinovaka muviri zvine huwandu hwakasiyana huchasiyana.

Kutakurwa kweokisijeni mumatrix

Okisijeni iyo midzi yegreenhouse midzi inogona kuwana kubva kune zvinovaka muviri mhinduro inofanira kunge iri munzvimbo yakasununguka, uye okisijeni inotakurwa mu substrate kuburikidza nemhepo nemvura uye mvura yakatenderedza midzi.Kana iri mukuenzana neokisijeni yemukati mumhepo pane imwe tembiricha, iyo okisijeni yakanyungudika mumvura inosvika pakakwirira, uye shanduko yeokisijeni yemukati mumhepo inotungamira kune yakaenzana shanduko yemukati yeokisijeni mumvura.

Mhedzisiro ye hypoxia kushushikana mumidzi nharaunda pazvirimwa

Zvikonzero zvemidzi hypoxia

Pane zvikonzero zvakati kuti nei njodzi ye hypoxia mu hydroponics uye substrate yekurima masisitimu yakakwira muzhizha.Chekutanga, iyo saturated oxygen yemukati mumvura inodzikira sezvo tembiricha inokwira.Chechipiri, iyo okisijeni inodiwa kuchengetedza kukura kwemidzi inowedzera nekuwedzera kwekushisa.Uyezve, kuwanda kwekutorwa kwechikafu kwakakwira muzhizha, saka kudiwa kweokisijeni yekutorwa kwekudya kunokwira.Inotungamira mukudzikira kweokisijeni yemukati mumidzi nharaunda uye kushomeka kweiyo inoshanda yekuwedzera, izvo zvinotungamira kune hypoxia munharaunda yemidzi.

Kutora uye kukura

Kutorwa kwezvakanyanya kukosha zvinovaka muviri kunoenderana nemaitiro ane hukama nemidzi metabolism, iyo inoda simba rinogadzirwa nemudzi masero ekufema, ndiko kuti, kuparara kwezvigadzirwa zvephotosynthetic pamberi peokisijeni.Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti 10% ~ 20% yezvakakwana assimilates yemiti yemadomasi inoshandiswa mumidzi, 50% iyo inoshandiswa kunyudza ion, 40% yekukura uye 10% chete yekuchengetedza.Midzi inofanirwa kuwana oxygen munzvimbo yakananga kwainoburitsa CO₂.Pasi pemamiriro eanaerobic anokonzerwa nekushaya mhepo mu substrates uye hydroponics, hypoxia inokanganisa kubatwa kwemvura uye chikafu.Hypoxia ine kukurumidza kupindura kune inoshanda kunwisa kwezvinovaka muviri, zvinoti nitrate (NO₃^-, potassium (K) uye phosphate (PO₄^3-), izvo zvinokanganisa kunyura kwecalcium (Ca) uye magnesium (Mg).

Kukura kwemidzi yekudyara kunoda simba, zvakajairika midzi chiitiko chinoda iyo yakaderera oksijeni kugadzika, uye iyo oxygen concentration iri pasi peCOP kukosha inova chinhu chinodzikamisa midzi cell metabolism (hypoxia).Kana iyo oxygen yemukati yakadzikira, kukura kunodzikira kana kutomira.Kana chikamu chemidzi hypoxia ichingobata matavi nemashizha chete, midzi yemidzi inogona kubhadhara chikamu chemidzi midzi iyo isingachashandi nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero nekuwedzera kutorwa kwenzvimbo.

Plant metabolic mechanism inoenderana neokisijeni seyakagashira maerekitironi.Pasina oxygen, kugadzirwa kweATP kunomira.Pasina ATP, kubuda kweproton kubva kumidzi kunomira, sero sap yemidzi midzi ichava acidic, uye masero aya achafa mukati memaawa mashoma.Yenguva pfupi uye yenguva pfupi hypoxia haizokonzerese kusagadzikana kwekudya kunetseka muzvirimwa.Nekuda kweiyo "nitrate kufema" nzira, inogona kunge iri yenguva pfupi yekuchinjisa kubata ne hypoxia seimwe nzira panguva yemidzi hypoxia.Zvisinei, hypoxia yenguva refu inozotungamirira kukura zvishoma nezvishoma, kuderera kwenzvimbo yemashizha uye kuderera kwehuremu hutsva uye hwakaoma, izvo zvinozotungamirira mukuderera kukuru kwegoho.

Ethylene

Zvirimwa zvinogadzira ethylene in situ pasi pekunetseka kukuru.Kazhinji, ethylene inobviswa kubva kumidzi nekupararira mumhepo yevhu.Kana kudonha kwemvura kuchiitika, kuumbwa kwe ethylene hakuzongowedzera, asiwo kupararira kuchaderedzwa zvikuru nokuti midzi yakakomberedzwa nemvura.Kuwedzera kwe ethylene concentration kuchaita kuti pave nekuumbwa kweaeration tissue mumidzi (Mufananidzo 2).Ethylene inogonawo kukonzera mashizha senescence, uye kupindirana pakati peethylene uye auxin kuchawedzera kuumbwa kwemidzi yeadventitious.

Oxygen stress inotungamirira mukuderera kwemashizha

ABA inogadzirwa mumidzi nemashizha kuti igadzirise kushushikana kwakasiyana kwezvakatipoteredza.Munzvimbo yemidzi, mhinduro yakajairika yekushushikana ndeyekuvhara stomatal, iyo inosanganisira kuumbwa kweABA.Iyo stomata isati yavharwa, kumusoro kwechirimwa kunorasikirwa nekuzvimba, mashizha epamusoro anosvava, uye kugona kwephotosynthetic kunogonawo kuderera.Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakaratidza kuti stomata inopindura kuwedzera kweAABA mupoplast nekuvhara, ndiko kuti, iyo yose ABA inogadziriswa mune zvisiri mashizha nekusunungura intracellular ABA, zvinomera zvinogona kuwedzera kukanganiswa kweapoplast ABA nokukurumidza zvikuru.Kana zvidyarwa zviri pasi pekunetseka kwezvakatipoteredza, zvinotanga kuburitsa ABA mumasero, uye midzi yekuburitsa chiratidzo inogona kuendeswa mumaminitsi pane maawa.Kuwedzera kweABA mumashizha emashizha kunogona kuderedza kureba kwesero rusvingo uye kutungamirira kukudzikira kweshizha kureba.Imwe mhedzisiro ye hypoxia ndeyokuti hupenyu hwemashizha hunopfupiswa, izvo zvinokanganisa mashizha ose.Hypoxia kazhinji inotungamira mukudzikira kwecytokinin uye nitrate kutakura.Kushaikwa kwe nitrogen kana cytokinin kuchapfupisa nguva yekuchengetedza yeshizha nzvimbo uye kumisa kukura kwematavi nemashizha mukati memazuva mashoma.

Kugadzirisa nharaunda yeokisijeni yezvirimwa midzi system

Hunhu hwe substrate hwakasimba hwekugovera mvura uye okisijeni.Iyo oksijeni yekuisa mumudzi wegreenhouse miriwo inonyanya kuenderana nemvura inobata simba re substrate, kudiridza (saizi uye frequency), substrate chimiro uye substrate strip tembiricha.Chete apo iyo okisijeni yemukati munharaunda yemidzi inenge iri pamusoro pe10% (4 ~ 5mg / L) inogona kuchengetedzwa kwemidzi munzvimbo yakanakisisa.

Midzi yezvirimwa yakakosha zvikuru pakukura kwezvirimwa uye kudzivirira zvirwere zvezvirimwa.Mvura uye kudya kunotorwa maererano nezvinodiwa nezvirimwa.Nekudaro, mwero weokisijeni munharaunda yemidzi inonyanya kutarisisa kugona kwekudya kwekudya uye mvura uye kunaka kwemidzi.Kukwana kweokisijeni mwero mumudziyo wegadziriro yemamiriro ekunze kunogona kuve nechokwadi chehutano hwemidzi, kuitira kuti zvinomera zvive nani kupikisa pathogenic microorganisms (Mufananidzo 3).Kukwana kweokisijeni mwero mu substrate zvakare kunoderedza njodzi yeanaerobic mamiriro, nokudaro kuderedza njodzi ye pathogenic microorganisms.

Kushandiswa kweokisijeni munzvimbo yemidzi

Iyo yakawanda yeokisijeni inoshandiswa yezvirimwa inogona kusvika ku40mg/m2/h (kushandiswa kunoenderana nezvirimwa).Zvichienderana nekupisa, mvura yekudiridza inogona kuva ne7 ~ 8mg / L yeokisijeni (Mufananidzo 4).Kuti isvike 40 mg, 5L yemvura inofanirwa kupihwa awa yega yega kuti ikwane kudiwa kweokisijeni, asi kutaura zvazviri, huwandu hwekudiridza muzuva rimwe haugone kusvika.Izvi zvinoreva kuti okisijeni inopiwa nekudiridza inoita basa diki chete.Yakawanda yeokisijeni inopihwa inosvika kumidzi yemidzi kuburikidza nemapores ari mumatrix, uye mupiro weokisijeni wekupa kuburikidza nemapores wakakwira se90%, zvichienderana nenguva yezuva.Apo kubuda kwemiti kunosvika pakakwirira, kudiridza kunosvikawo kuhuwandu, iyo yakaenzana ne1 ~ 1.5L / m2 / h.Kana mvura yekudiridza ine 7mg / L okisijeni, ichapa 7 ~ 11mg / m2 / h okisijeni yenzvimbo yemidzi.Izvi zvakaenzana ne17% ~ 25% yezvinodiwa.Zvechokwadi, izvi zvinongoshanda chete kumamiriro ezvinhu ekuti iyo oksijeni-yakashata yekudiridza mvura mu substrate inotsiviwa nemvura yakachena yekudiridza.

Pamusoro pekushandiswa kwemidzi, ma microorganisms ari munharaunda yemidzi anodyawo oxygen.Zvakaoma kuyera izvi nekuti hapana kuyerwa kwakaitwa mune izvi.Sezvo ma substrates matsva achitsiviwa gore rega rega, zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti ma microorganisms anoita basa diki mukushandiswa kweokisijeni.

Gadzirisa tembiricha yezvakatipoteredza yemidzi

Tembiricha yezvakatipoteredza yemidzi yemidzi yakakosha zvakanyanya pakukura uye kushanda kwemidzi, uye zvakare chinhu chakakosha chinokanganisa kubatwa kwemvura uye chikafu nemidzi midzi.

Kunyanya kudzikira substrate tembiricha (mudzi tembiricha) zvinogona kukonzera kuoma mukunyura kwemvura.Pa5 ℃, kunyura kuri 70% ~ 80% kuderera pane pa20 ℃.Kana yakaderera substrate tembiricha inoperekedzwa tembiricha yakakwirira, zvinotungamira kune chirimwa wilting.Kutora ion zviri pachena kunoenderana netembiricha, iyo inhibit ion kunyura patembiricha yakaderera, uye kunzwisiswa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinovaka muviri kune tembiricha zvakasiyana.

Yakanyanya kukwira substrate tembiricha haina basa, uye inogona kutungamira kune yakakura kwazvo midzi system.Mune mamwe mazwi, kune kugovera kusina kuenzana kwechinhu chakaoma mumiti.Nemhaka yokuti midzi yakakura zvikuru, kurasikirwa kusingakoshi kuchaitika kuburikidza nekufema, uye chikamu ichi chesimba rakarasika chingadai chakashandiswa pakukohwa chikamu chechirimwa.Pamusoro pekushisa kwe substrate, iyo yakanyungudika yeokisijeni yemukati yakadzikira, iyo ine simba guru pane iyo okisijeni yemukati mumudzi nharaunda kupfuura iyo okisijeni inopedzwa netupukanana.Midzi yemidzi inopedza okisijeni yakawanda, uye inototungamira ku hypoxia muchiitiko chekushaya substrate kana chimiro chevhu, nokudaro kuderedza kubatwa kwemvura neion.

Chengetedza inonzwisisika inobata mvura yematrix.

Pane kuwirirana kwakashata pakati pemvura yemukati uye chikamu chemukati cheokisijeni mumatrix.Kana huwandu hwemvura huchiwedzera, huwandu hweokisijeni hunoderera, uye zvinopesana.Pane mutsara wakakosha pakati pehuwandu hwemvura uye okisijeni mumatrix, kureva, 80% ~ 85% yehuwandu hwemvura (Mufananidzo 5).Kuchengetedza kwenguva refu kwehuwandu hwemvura pamusoro pe85% mu substrate ichakanganisa kupiwa kweokisijeni.Yakawanda yeokisijeni inopa (75% ~ 90%) iri kuburikidza nemapores ari mumatrix.

Kuwedzera kwekudiridza kune oxygen yemukati mu substrate

Kuwedzera kwechiedza chezuva kuchaita kuti mweya uwedzere kushandiswa uye kuderera kweokisijeni mumidzi (Mufananidzo 6), uye shuga yakawanda ichaita kuti kushandiswa kweokisijeni kuwedzere usiku.Kuchinja kwakasimba, kunyura kwemvura kwakakura, uye kune mhepo yakawanda uye yakawanda oksijeni mu substrate.Inogona kuonekwa kubva kuruboshwe rweMufananidzo 7 kuti iyo okisijeni yemukati mu substrate ichawedzera zvishoma mushure mekudiridza pasi pemamiriro ekuti mvura inobata simba re substrate yakakwirira uye mhepo yemhepo yakaderera zvikuru.Sezvinoratidzwa kurudyi rwemuonde.7, pasi pemamiriro ekuvhenekera kuri nani, mhepo yemukati mu substrate inowedzera nekuda kwekuwedzerwa kwemvura (nguva dzakafanana dzekudiridza).Hurukuro yekudiridza pane okisijeni yemukati mune substrate ishoma pane yekubata mvura simba (mhepo yemukati) mu substrate.

Kurukurai

Mukugadzirwa chaiko, zvirimo zveokisijeni (mhepo) mumidzi yezvirimwa zvinoregeredzwa, asi chinhu chakakosha kuve nechokwadi chekukura kwezvirimwa uye kukura kwakanaka kwemidzi.

Kuti uwane goho repamusoro panguva yekugadzirwa kwezvirimwa, zvakakosha kuchengetedza midzi yemidzi mumamiriro akanakisisa sezvinobvira.Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti O₂zviri mumudziyo wemidzi nharaunda pasi pe4mg/L zvichave nemhedzisiro yakaipa pakukura kwembesa.Iye O₂zviri mukati midzi nharaunda inonyanya kukanganiswa nekudiridza (kudiridza kuwanda uye kuwanda), substrate chimiro, substrate mvura yemukati, greenhouse uye substrate tembiricha, uye maitiro ekudyara akasiyana achave akasiyana.Algae uye ma microorganisms anewo humwe hukama neokisijeni yemukati mumudzi wezvirimwa zvehydroponic.Hypoxia haingokonzeri kukura kunonoka kwezvirimwa, asiwo kunowedzera kudzvinyirira kwemidzi yezvirwere (pythium, phytophthora, fusarium) pakukura kwemidzi.

Nzira yekudiridza ine simba guru paO₂zviri mu substrate, uye zvakare iri nzira inodzoreka mukudyara.Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvekudyara rose zvakaona kuti kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma mvura yemukati mu substrate (mangwanani) inogona kuwana nzvimbo yakanaka yeokisijeni.Mune substrate ine yakaderera mvura inobata simba, iyo substrate inogona kuchengetedza yakakwira okisijeni, uye panguva imwe chete, zvinodikanwa kudzivirira mutsauko wehuwandu hwemvura pakati pe substrates kuburikidza nepamusoro yekudiridza frequency uye nguva pfupi.Kudzikira kwemvura inobata simba remasubstrates, kunowedzera musiyano pakati pe substrates.Yakanyorova substrate, yakaderera yekudiridza frequency uye nguva yakareba inogonesa kutsiva kwemhepo uye mamiriro akanaka eokisijeni.

Kuyerera kweiyo substrate chimwe chinhu chine simba guru pakuvandudza chiyero uye oksijeni yekuisa gradient mu substrate, zvichienderana nemhando uye mvura inobata simba reiyo substrate.Mvura yekudiridza haifaniri kugara pasi pe substrate kwenguva yakareba, asi inofanira kubudiswa nokukurumidza kuitira kuti mvura yakachena yekudiridza inowedzerwa neoxygen isvike pasi pe substrate zvakare.Iyo yekumhanyisa kwemvura inogona kupesvedzerwa nemamwe matanho ari nyore, senge gradient ye substrate mulongitudinal uye hupamhi nzira.Iyo yakakura gradient, inokurumidza kumhanya kwemvura.Akasiyana ma substrates ane mazaruro akasiyana uye huwandu hwezvitoro hwakasiyanawo.

END

[ruzivo rwakanyorwa]

Xie Yuanpei.Mhedzisiro yezvakatipoteredza okisijeni mumidzi yezvirimwa zvegreenhouse pakukura kwechirimwa [J].Agricultural Engineering Technology, 2022,42(31):21-24.