Chen Tongqiang, nezvimwewo. Tekinoroji yeinjiniya yekurima yekurima greenhouse Yakaburitswa muBeijing na17:30 musi wa6 Ndira, 2023.

Kudzora kwakanaka kwerhizosphere EC ne pH zvinhu zvinodiwa kuti domasi ribereke zvakanaka pasina ivhu mugreenhouse yegirazi. Muchinyorwa chino, domasi rakatorwa senzvimbo yekudyara, uye huwandu hwakakodzera hwerhizosphere EC ne pH hwakapfupikiswa, pamwe chete nematanho ekutonga anoenderana kana paine zvisina kunaka, kuitira kuti pave neruzivo rwekugadzira kudyara chaiko mugreenhouse dzegirazi dzechinyakare.

Zvichienderana nehuwandu husina kukwana, nzvimbo yekudyara yezvivakwa zvegirazi zvine girazi zvakawanda muChina yasvika 630hm2, uye ichiri kukura. Greenhouse yegirazi inobatanidza zvivakwa zvakasiyana-siyana nemidziyo, zvichigadzira nzvimbo yakakodzera yekukura kwezvirimwa. Kudzora kwakanaka kwezvakatipoteredza, kudiridza mvura nemafetiraiza nemazvo, kushanda zvakanaka kwekurima uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvirimwa ndizvo zvinhu zvina zvikuru zvinoita kuti matomatisi awane goho rakanaka uye mhando yepamusoro. Kana tichitarisa kudiridza kwakarurama, chinangwa chayo ndechekuchengetedza rhizosphere EC, pH, huwandu hwemvura mu substrate uye huwandu hwe rhizosphere ion. Rhizosphere EC yakanaka uye pH zvinogutsa kukura kwemidzi uye kunyudzwa kwemvura nefetiraiza, inova chinhu chinodiwa kuchengetedza kukura kwezvirimwa, photosynthesis, transpiration uye mamwe maitiro e metabolic. Naizvozvo, kuchengetedza nharaunda yakanaka ye rhizosphere chinhu chakakosha kuti uwane goho guru rezvirimwa.

Kusadzora kweEC ne pH mu rhizosphere kuchava nemigumisiro isingadzoreki pakuenzana kwemvura, kukura kwemidzi, kushanda zvakanaka kwemidzi-fetereza-kushomeka kwezvinovaka muviri mumiti, kuunganidzwa kwe ion mumidzi-kutorwa kwefetereza-kushomeka kwezvinovaka muviri mumiti nezvimwewo. Kudyara nekugadzira madomasi mu greenhouse yegirazi kunoshandisa tsika isina ivhu. Mushure mekunge mvura nefetereza zvasanganiswa, kuendeswa kwemvura nefetereza kwakabatana kunoitika nenzira yemiseve inodonha. EC, pH, frequency, formula, huwandu hwemvura inodzoka uye nguva yekutanga yekudiridza zvinokanganisa zvakananga rhizosphere EC ne pH. Muchinyorwa chino, rhizosphere EC yakakodzera ne pH muchikamu chimwe nechimwe chekudyara madomasi zvakapfupikiswa, uye zvikonzero zve rhizosphere EC ne pH zvisina kujairika zvakaongororwa uye matanho ekugadzirisa akapfupikiswa, izvo zvakapa referensi uye referensi yehunyanzvi yekugadzira chaiyo magirazi egirizi echinyakare.

Rhizosphere EC ne pH zvakakodzera pamatanho akasiyana ekukura kwematomatisi.

Rhizosphere EC inonyanya kuratidzwa muhuwandu hwemaion ezvinhu zvikuru murhizosphere. Fomura yekuverenga ye empirical ndeyekuti huwandu hweanion necation charges hunokamurwa ne20, uye kana kukosha kwacho kwakakwira, rhizosphere EC inokwira. Rhizosphere EC yakakodzera ichapa huwandu hwakakodzera uye hwakafanana hwemaion ezvikamu zvemidzi.

Kazhinji, kukosha kwayo kwakaderera (rhizosphere EC<2.0mS/cm). Nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwemidzi yemidzi, zvichaita kuti midzi ide mvura yakawanda, zvichikonzera mvura yakawanda mumiti, uye mvura yakawanda ichashandiswa pakusvipira mashizha, kurebesa masero-kukura kwemiti; Kukosha kwayo kuri pamusoro (rhizosphere EC yechando>8~10mS/cm, rhizosphere EC yezhizha>5~7mS/cm). Nekuwedzera kwerhizosphere EC, simba remidzi rekunwa mvura harina kukwana, izvo zvinotungamira kushomeka kwemvura mumiti, uye muzviitiko zvakakomba, zvirimwa zvinosvava (Mufananidzo 1). Panguva imwe chete, kukwikwidzana pakati pemashizha nemichero kwemvura kuchaita kuti mvura yemichero iderere, izvo zvinokanganisa goho uye kunaka kwemichero. Kana rhizosphere EC yakawedzerwa zvishoma ne0~2mS/cm, ine simba rakanaka pakuwedzera kwehuwandu hweshuga inonyungudika/huwandu hwakasimba hunonyungudika mumuchero, kugadzirisa kukura kwezvirimwa uye kukura kwekubereka, saka varimi vemadomasi echerry vanotevera mhando vanowanzo tora rhizosphere EC yakakwira. Zvakaonekwa kuti shuga inonyungudika yecucumber yakagadzikwa yaive yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura iyo yekudzora pasi pemamiriro ekudiridza mvura ine brackish (3g/L yemvura ine brackish yakagadzirwa yega ine chiyero cheNaCl:MgSO4: CaSO4 ye2:2:1 yakawedzerwa mumushonga unovaka muviri). Hunhu hweDutch' Honey' cherry tomato ndeyekuti inochengetedza rhizosphere EC yakakwira (8~10mS/cm) mumwaka wese wekugadzira, uye muchero une huwandu hwakawanda hweshuga, asi goho remuchero wapera rakaderera (5kg/m2).

Rhizosphere pH (isina unit) inonyanya kureva pH ye rhizosphere solution, iyo inonyanya kukanganisa kunaya nekunyungudika kwe element ion yega yega mumvura, uye yozokanganisa kushanda kwe ion yega yega inotorwa nemidzi. Kune akawanda ma element ions, pH yayo yakakodzera i5.5~6.5, iyo inogona kuve nechokwadi chekuti ion yega yega inogona kutorwa nemidzi zvakanaka. Nokudaro, panguva yekudyara madomasi, rhizosphere pH inofanira kugara iri pa5.5~6.5. Tafura 1 inoratidza huwandu hwe rhizosphere EC uye pH control muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvekukura kwemadomasi makuru. Kune madomasi madiki, akadai se cherry tomato, rhizosphere EC muzvikamu zvakasiyana yakakwira ne 0~1mS/cm kupfuura yemadomasi makuru, asi ese anogadziriswa zvichienderana nemafambiro akafanana.

Zvikonzero zvisina kujairika uye matanho ekugadzirisa rhizosphere yematomatisi EC

Rhizosphere EC inoreva EC yemushonga unovaka muviri wakakomberedza midzi. Kana mvere dzematombo dzematomatisi dzakadyarwa muHolland, varimi vanoshandisa sirinji kusveta musanganiswa unovaka muviri kubva mumvere dzematombo, uye mhedzisiro yacho inotaridzika zvakanaka. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa, EC inodzoka iri pedyo nerhizosphere EC, saka sample point return EC inowanzo shandiswa serhizosphere EC muChina. Kusiyana kwezuva nezuva kwerhizosphere EC kunowanzo wedzera mushure mekubuda kwezuva, kunotanga kudzikira uye kunoramba kwakasimba pakudiridza, uye kunowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma mushure mekudiridza, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 2.

Zvikonzero zvikuru zvekubuda kwemvura yakawanda muEC iderere rekudzoka rakaderera, kupinda kwemvura yakawanda muEC uye kudiridza kunonoka. Huwandu hwekudiridza pazuva rimwe chete iderere, zvinoratidza kuti mwero wekubuda kwemvura wakaderera. Chinangwa chekubuda kwemvura mumvura ndechekugeza zvizere substrate, kuona kuti rhizosphere EC, huwandu hwemvura musubstrate uye huwandu hweion murhizosphere zviri muhuwandu hwakajairika, uye mwero wekubuda kwemvura mumvura wakaderera, uye midzi inonwisa mvura yakawanda kupfuura elemental ions, izvo zvinoratidza kuwedzera kweEC. Kupinda kwemvura muEC kwakakwira zvakananga kunotungamira kukudzoka kwemvura muEC. Sekureva kwemutemo, kudzoka kweEC kwakakwira ne0.5~1.5ms/cm kupfuura kupinda kweEC. Kudiridza kwekupedzisira kwakaguma pakutanga kwezuva iroro, uye simba rechiedza rakanga richiri rakakwirira (300~450W/m2) mushure mekudiridza. Nekuda kwekufemerwa kwemiti nemwaranzi, midzi yakaramba ichinwisa mvura, huwandu hwemvura musubstrate hwakaderera, huwandu hweion hwakawedzera, uye ipapo rhizosphere EC yakawedzera. Kana rhizosphere EC yakakwira, simba remwaranzi rakakwira, uye hunyoro hwakaderera, zvirimwa zvinosangana nekushaikwa kwemvura, izvo zvinoonekwa zvakanyanya sekuoma (Mufananidzo 1, kurudyi).

Kuderera kweEC mu rhizosphere kunonyanya kukonzerwa nehuwandu hwakawanda hwekudzoka kwemvura, kunonoka kwekudiridza, uye EC yakaderera mukupinda kwemvura, izvo zvinozowedzera dambudziko. Kudzoka kwemvura kwakanyanya kuchaita kuti pave pedyo ne EC inopinzwa ne EC inopinzwa. Kana kudiridza kunonoka, kunyanya mumazuva ane makore, pamwe chete nechiedza chidiki uye hunyoro hwakawanda, kufemera kwemiti hakuna kusimba, chiyero chekunyudzwa kwema ions e elemental chakakwira kupfuura chemvura, uye chiyero chekuderera kwehuwandu hwemvura yematrix chakaderera pane chehuwandu hweion mumushonga, izvo zvinozoita kuti pave ne EC yakaderera yemvura inopinzwa. Nekuti kumanikidzwa kwemasero ebvudzi remidzi yemiti kwakaderera pane kugona kwemvura kwe rhizosphere nutrient solution, midzi inonwisa mvura yakawanda uye chiyero chemvura hachina kuenzana. Kana kufemera kusina kusimba, chirimwa chinobuda muchimiro chemvura inosvipa (mufananidzo 1, kuruboshwe), uye kana tembiricha yakakwira husiku, chirimwa chinokura pasina.

Kugadzirisa kunoyera kana rhizosphere EC isina kujairika: ① Kana EC inodzoka yakakwira, EC inopinda inofanira kunge iri mukati mehuwandu hwakaringana. Kazhinji, EC inopinda yemadomasi makuru emichero i2.5~3.5mS/cm muzhizha uye 3.5~4.0mS/cm muchando. Chechipiri, wedzera mwero wekudzoka kwemvura, unova usati wadiridza zvakanyanya masikati, uye iva nechokwadi chekuti kudzoka kwemvura kunoitika pese padiridza. Mwero wekudzoka kwemvura unoenderana zvakanaka nekuunganidzwa kwemwaranzi. Muzhizha, kana simba remwaranzi richiri kupfuura 450 W/m2 uye nguva yacho iri kupfuura 30 min, kudiridza kushoma (50~100mL/dripper) kunofanira kuwedzerwa nemaoko kamwe chete, uye zviri nani kuti pasave nekudzoka kwemvura. ② Kana mwero wekudzoka kwemvura wakaderera, zvikonzero zvikuru ndezvekudzoserwa kwemvura kwakanyanya, EC yakaderera uye kudiridza kwekupedzisira kunonoka. Tichifunga nezvenguva yekupedzisira yekudiridza, kudiridza kwekupedzisira kunowanzo pera maawa maviri kusvika mashanu zuva risati ranyura, zvichiguma mumazuva ane makore nechando nguva isati yakwana, uye zvichinonoka mumazuva ane zuva nezhizha. Dzora mwero wekudzoserwa kwemvura, zvichienderana nekuunganidzwa kwemwaranzi yekunze. Kazhinji, mwero wekudzoserwa kwemvura uri pasi pe10% kana kuunganidzwa kwemwaranzi kuri pasi pe500J/(cm2.d), uye 10%~20% kana kuunganidzwa kwemwaranzi kuri 500~1000J/(cm2.d), nezvimwewo.

Zvikonzero zvisina kujairika uye matanho ekugadzirisa pH yematomatisi

Kazhinji, pH yemushonga uyu i5.5 uye pH yemushonga uyu i5.5 ~ 6.5 mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka. Zvinhu zvinokanganisa pH yemushonga uyu iformula, culture medium, leachate rate, mvura yakanaka nezvimwewo. Kana pH yemushonga uyu yakaderera, inotsva midzi yonyungudutsa matrix yewool yematombo zvakanyanya, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 3. Kana pH yemushonga uyu yakakwira, kunyudzwa kweMn2+, Fe 3+, Mg2+ uye PO4 3- kuchaderedzwa, izvo zvichakonzera kushomeka kwezvinhu, zvakaita sekushomeka kwemanganese kunokonzerwa nehigh rhizosphere pH, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 4.

Panyaya yemhando yemvura, mvura yemvura inonaya uye mvura yekusefa membrane yeRO ine acidic, uye pH yedoro reamai inowanzova 3 ~ 4, izvo zvinoita kuti pH yedoro remumvura ipinde. Potassium hydroxide ne potassium bicarbonate zvinowanzo shandiswa kugadzirisa pH yedoro remumvura. Mvura yetsime nemvura yepasi pevhu zvinowanzo gadziriswa ne nitric acid ne phosphoric acid nekuti zvine HCO3 - inova alkaline. pH yemumvura isina kujairika inokanganisa zvakananga pH yemumvura inodzoka, saka pH yemumvura yakakwana ndiyo hwaro hwemutemo. Kana iri substrate yekurima, mushure mekudyara, pH yemvura inodzoka ye coconut bran substrate iri pedyo neyemvura inopinda, uye pH isina kujairika yemvura inopinda haizokonzere kuchinja kukuru kwe rhizosphere pH munguva pfupi nekuda kwehunhu hwakanaka hwe buffering ye substrate. Pasi pekurima kwe rock wool, pH yemvura inodzoka mushure mekuunganidzwa yakakwira uye inogara kwenguva refu.

Panyaya yefomula, zvichienderana nekugona kwakasiyana kwekunyudzwa kwemaion nemiti, inogona kukamurwa kuita munyu weasidhi yemuviri uye munyu wealkaline yemuviri. Semuenzaniso, kana zvirimwa zvichinyudzwa 1mol yeNO3-, midzi inoburitsa 1mol yeOH-, izvo zvinotungamira mukuwedzera kwerhizosphere pH, nepo midzi ichinyudzwa NH4+, inoburitsa huwandu hwakafanana hweH+, izvo zvinotungamira mukudzikira kwerhizosphere pH. Naizvozvo, nitrate munyu wakakosha wemuviri, nepo munyu weammonium uri munyu une acidic yemuviri. Kazhinji, potassium sulfate, calcium ammonium nitrate uye ammonium sulfate mafetiraiza eacid yemuviri, potassium nitrate necalcium nitrate munyu wealkaline yemuviri, uye ammonium nitrate munyu usina neutral. Simba rekudzoka kwemvura parhizosphere pH rinonyanya kuratidzwa mukubviswa kwe rhizosphere nutrient solution, uye rhizosphere pH isina kujairika inokonzerwa nekuwanda kwemaion mu rhizosphere.

Kugadzirisa kana pH yerhizosphere isina kujairika: 1. Kutanga, tarisa kana pH ye influent iri munzvimbo yakakodzera; (2) Pakushandisa mvura ine carbonate yakawanda, senge mvura yemugodhi, munyori akamboona kuti pH ye influent yaive yakajairika, asi mushure mekunge kudiridza kwapera zuva iroro, pH ye influent yakaongororwa ndokuonekwa kuti yakawedzera. Mushure mekuongorora, chikonzero chingangove ndechekuti pH yakawedzerwa nekuda kwe buffer yeHCO3-, saka zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa nitric acid se regulator pakushandisa mvura yemugodhi senzvimbo yekudiridza; (3) Kana dombo remakushe richishandiswa se substrate yekudyara, pH ye return solution yakakwira kwenguva yakareba pakutanga kwekudyara. Muchiitiko ichi, pH ye solution inouya inofanira kuderedzwa zvakakodzera kusvika pa5.2 ~ 5.5, uye panguva imwe chete, dosage ye physiological acid salt inofanira kuwedzerwa, uye calcium ammonium nitrate inofanira kushandiswa pachinzvimbo che calcium nitrate uye potassium sulfate inofanira kushandiswa pachinzvimbo che potassium nitrate. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti chiyero cheNH4+ hachifanirwe kudarika 1/10 yehuwandu hweN mufomura. Semuenzaniso, kana huwandu hweN (NO3- +NH4+) muhuwandu huri 20mmol/L, huwandu hweNH4+ huri pasi pe2mmol/L, uye potassium sulfate inogona kushandiswa panzvimbo pepotassium nitrate, asi zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti huwandu hweSO4^2-Mukushandiswa kwemvura pakudiridza, hazvikurudzirwi kudarika 6~8 mmol/L; (4) Panyaya yekudzoka kwemvura, huwandu hwekudiridza hunofanira kuwedzerwa nguva imwe neimwe uye substrate inofanira kusukwa, kunyanya kana dombo remakushe richishandiswa pakudyara, saka rhizosphere pH haigone kugadziriswa nekukurumidza munguva pfupi nekushandisa physiological acid salt, saka huwandu hwekudiridza hunofanira kuwedzerwa kugadzirisa rhizosphere pH kusvika padanho rakaringana nekukurumidza.

Pfupiso

Kushandiswa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzerhizosphere EC ne pH ndiko kunoita kuti mvura nefetereza zvinyorwe zvakanaka nemidzi yematomatisi. Kusashanda zvakanaka kuchaita kuti pave nekushaikwa kwezvinovaka muviri mumiti, kusaenzana kwemvura (kushomeka kwemvura/mvura yakawanda isina chinhu), kutsva kwemidzi (EC yakakwira uye pH yakaderera) nezvimwe zvinetso. Nekuda kwekunonoka kwekusashanda zvakanaka kwemiti kunokonzerwa nerhizosphere EC ne pH zvisina kujairika, kana dambudziko raitika, zvinoreva kuti rhizosphere EC ne pH zvisina kujairika zvavepo kwemazuva mazhinji, uye maitiro ekudzoka kwemiti pakuva yakajairika anotora nguva, izvo zvinokanganisa zvakananga kubuda uye kunaka. Saka, zvakakosha kuona EC ne pH yemvura inopinda neinodzoka zuva rega rega.

MUGUMO

[Mashoko ataurwa] Chen Tongqiang, Xu Fengjiao, Ma Tiemin, nezvimwewo. Nzira yekudzora Rhizosphere EC uye pH yekurima domasi risina ivhu mugreenhouse yegirazi [J]. Agricultural Engineering Technology, 2022,42(31):17-20.