Chen Tongqiang, etc. Tekinoroji yeinjiniya yekurima gadheni regreenhouse Rakabudiswa muBeijing na17:30 muna Ndira 6, 2023.

Yakanaka rhizosphere EC uye pH kutonga mamiriro anodiwa kuti uwane goho repamusoro rematomatisi mune isina ivhu tsika modhi mune smart girazi greenhouse.Muchinyorwa chino, tomato yakatorwa sechinhu chekudyara, uye iyo yakakodzera rhizosphere EC uye pH renji pamatanho akasiyana akapfupikiswa, pamwe chete neanoenderana kudzora tekinoroji matanho kana pane abnormality, kuitira kupa chirevo cheiyo chaiyo yekudyara kugadzirwa mukati. zvechivanhu girazi greenhouses.

Zvinoenderana nehuwandu husina kukwana, nzvimbo yekudyara yeakawanda-span girazi akangwara greenhouses muChina yasvika 630hm2, uye ichiri kuwedzera.Girazi greenhouse inobatanidza zvivako zvakasiyana-siyana uye midziyo, ichigadzira nzvimbo yakakodzera yekukura yekukura kwemiti.Kudzora zvakanaka kwezvakatipoteredza, kudiridza mvura nefotereza nemazvo, kurima kwakaringana nekuchengetedzwa kwezvirimwa ndizvo zvinhu zvina zvakakosha kuti tiwane goho repamusoro uye mhando yepamusoro yemadomasi.Nezvekudiridza chaiko, chinangwa chayo ndechekuchengetedza rhizosphere EC, pH, substrate mvura yemukati uye rhizosphere ion concentration.Yakanaka rhizosphere EC uye pH inogutsa kukura kwemidzi uye kunyudzwa kwemvura nefetereza, inova chinhu chinodiwa chekuchengetedza kukura kwechirimwa, photosynthesis, transpiration uye mamwe maitiro emetabolic.Naizvozvo, kuchengetedza nharaunda yakanaka yerhizosphere chinhu chinodiwa kuti uwane goho repamusoro.

Iko kunze-kwekutonga kweEC uye pH mu rhizosphere kuchave nemhedzisiro isingadzoke pachiyero chemvura, kukura kwemidzi, midzi-fetereza kunyudzwa-kushaikwa kwechirimwa chekudya, midzi ion concentration-fertilizer absorption-chirimwa kushomeka kwekudya uye zvichingodaro.Kudyara kwematomatisi uye kugadzira mugirazi greenhouse kunotora tsika isina ivhu.Mushure mekunge mvura nefotereza zvasanganiswa, kusanganiswa kwemvura nefetereza kunowanikwa nenzira yekudonha miseve.Iyo EC, pH, frequency, formula, huwandu hwemvura yekudzoka uye kudiridza yekutanga nguva yekudiridza ichabata zvakananga rhizosphere EC uye pH.Muchinyorwa chino, iyo yakakodzera rhizosphere EC uye pH padanho rega rega rekudyara madomasi zvakapfupikiswa, uye zvikonzero zveabnormal rhizosphere EC uye pH zvakaongororwa uye matanho ekugadzirisa akapfupikiswa, izvo zvakapa ratidziro uye tekinoroji yekugadzira chaiyo kugadzirwa kwechinyakare girazi. greenhouses.

Inokodzera rhizosphere EC uye pH pamatanho ekukura akasiyana ematomatisi

Iyo rhizosphere EC inonyanya kuratidzwa mukusangana kweion yezvinhu zvikuru murhizosphere.Iyo empirical calculation formula ndeyekuti huwandu hweanion uye cation charges inokamurwa ne20, uye iyo yakakwirira kukosha, inokwira iyo rhizosphere EC.Yakakodzera rhizosphere EC ichapa yakakodzera uye yunifomu element ion concentration yemidzi system.

Kazhinji, kukosha kwayo kwakaderera (rhizosphere EC <2.0mS/cm).Nekuda kwekudzvinyirirwa kwekuzvimba kwemasero emidzi, kuchaita kuti kuwedzere kudiwa kwekutorwa kwemvura nemidzi, zvichikonzera mvura yemahara mumiti, uye yakawandisa yemahara mvura ichashandiswa kupfira mashizha, sero elongation-chirimwa chisina maturo kukura;Kukosha kwayo kuri kudivi repamusoro (yechando rhizosphere EC> 8 ~ 10mS/cm, rhizosphere yezhizha EC> 5 ~ 7mS/cm).Nekuwedzera kwe rhizosphere EC, simba rekutora mvura yemidzi harina kukwana, izvo zvinotungamirira kukushaya mvura kunetseka kwemiti, uye mumatambudziko akaoma, zvinomera zvichasvava (Mufananidzo 1).Panguva imwecheteyo, kukwikwidzana pakati pemashizha nemichero yemvura kuchaita kuti kuderera kwehuwandu hwemvura yemichero, iyo inokanganisa goho uye kunaka kwezvibereko.Kana iyo rhizosphere EC yakawedzera zvine mwero ne 0 ~ 2mS/cm, ine yakanaka kudzora mhedzisiro pakuwedzera kwekunyungudika kweshuga yakanyungudika / inonyungudika yakasimba yemichero, kugadzirisa kwechirimwa kukura uye kuberekana kwekukura, saka varimi vecherry tomato kutsvaga mhando inowanzotora yakakwirira rhizosphere EC.Zvakaonekwa kuti suga yakanyunguduka yegaka yakabatanidzwa yakanga yakakwirira kudarika iyo yekutonga pasi pemamiriro ekudiridza mvura yebrackish (3g/L yemvura yakazvigadzira brackish ine reshiyo yeNaCl:MgSO4: CaSO4 ye2:2:1) yakawedzerwa kune nutrient solution).Hunhu hweDutch 'Honey' cherry tomato ndeyekuti inochengetedza rhizosphere yakakwira EC(8~10mS/cm) mukati memwaka wese wekugadzira, uye muchero une shuga yakawanda, asi muchero wapera wakadzikira (5kg/ m2).

Rhizosphere pH (unitless) inonyanya kureva pH ye rhizosphere solution, iyo inonyanya kukanganisa kunaya nekuparara kweiyoni yega yega mumvura, uye yobva yakanganisa kushanda kweiyoni yega yega inotorwa nemidzi.Kune akawanda maion ion, ayo akakodzera pH renji ndeye 5.5 ~ 6.5, iyo inogona kuve nechokwadi chekuti ion yega yega inogona kutorwa nemidzi system kazhinji.Nokudaro, panguva yekudyara madomasi, rhizosphere pH inofanira kugara yakachengetwa pa5.5 ~ 6.5.Tafura 1 inoratidza huwandu hwe rhizosphere EC uye pH kutonga mumatanho ekukura akasiyana ematomatisi ane michero mikuru.Kune madomasi madiki-muchero, senge cherry matomatisi, rhizosphere EC mumatanho akasiyana ndeye 0 ~ 1mS/cm yakakwirira kupfuura yematomatisi ane michero mikuru, asi ese anogadziriswa zvinoenderana nemaitiro akafanana.

Zvikonzero zvisina kujairika uye matanho ekugadzirisa ematomatisi rhizosphere EC

Rhizosphere EC inoreva EC yezvinovaka muviri mhinduro yakatenderedza midzi.Kana tomato rock wool inodyarwa muHolland, varimi vachashandisa majekiseni kusveta zvinovaka muviri kubva padombo remvere, uye mhedzisiro yacho inomiririra.Mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairika, EC yekudzoka iri pedyo ne rhizosphere EC, saka sampuli yekudzoka EC inowanzoshandiswa se rhizosphere EC muChina.Diurnal variation ye rhizosphere EC inowanzosimuka mushure mekubuda kwezuva, inotanga kuderera uye inoramba yakagadzikana papamusoro pekudiridza, uye zvishoma nezvishoma inosimuka mushure mekudiridza, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 2.

Zvikonzero zvikuru zvekudzoka kwakakwirira kweEC chiyero chekudzoka chakaderera, chiyero chepamusoro cheEC uye kunonoka kudiridza.Nhamba yekudiridza pazuva rimwe chete ishoma, izvo zvinoratidza kuti mvura yekudzoka kwemvura yakaderera.Chinangwa chekudzoka kwemvura ndechekugeza zvizere iyo substrate, kuve nechokwadi chekuti rhizosphere EC, substrate mvura yemukati uye rhizosphere ion concentration iri mune yakajairwa, uye chiyero chekudzoka kwemvura yakadzikira, uye midzi yemidzi inotora mvura yakawanda kupfuura elemental ions, iyo inowedzera kuratidza kuwedzera kweEC.Iyo yakakwira inlet EC inotungamira zvakananga kune yakakwira kudzoka EC.Zvinoenderana nekutonga kwechigunwe, iyo yekudzoka EC ndeye 0.5 ~ 1.5ms/cm yakakwirira kupfuura inopinza EC.Kudiridza kwekupedzisira kwakapera kare zuva iroro, uye chiedza chechiedza chakanga chichiri chakakwirira (300 ~ 450W / m2) mushure mekudiridza.Nemhaka yekufambisa kwemiti inotungamirirwa nemwaranzi, midzi yemidzi yakaramba ichitora mvura, mvura yemvura ye substrate yakaderera, ion concentration yakawedzera, uye ipapo rhizosphere EC yakawedzera.Kana iyo rhizosphere EC yakakwira, kusimba kwemwaranzi kwakakwira, uye hunyoro hwakaderera, zvinomera zvinotarisana nekunetseka kwekushaya mvura, izvo zvinonyatso kuratidzwa sekuoma (Mufananidzo 1, kurudyi).

Iyo yakaderera EC murhizosphere inonyanya kukonzerwa nekukwira kwemvura yekudzoka mwero, kunonoka kupera kwekudiridza, uye yakaderera EC mukupinza kwemvura, izvo zvinozowedzera dambudziko.Iyo yakakwirira yemvura yekudzoka mwero inotungamira kune isingaperi kuswedera pakati peiyo inlet EC uye yekudzoka EC.Kana kudiridza kwapera nguva yapera, kunyanya mumazuva ane makore, pamwe chete nechiedza chakaderera uye hunyoro hwakanyanya, kufefeterwa kwezvirimwa hakuna kusimba, kunyura kweiyo elemental ion kwakakwira kupfuura yemvura, uye kuderera kwechiyero chemvura yematrix yakaderera pane iyo. yeion concentration mune mhinduro, iyo inotungamira kune yakaderera EC yekudzoka mvura.Nekuda kwekuti kudzvinyirirwa kwemasero emvere dzemidzi yezvirimwa kwakadzikira pane kugona kwemvura kwerhizosphere nutrient solution, mudzi wemidzi unotora mvura yakawanda uye chiyero chemvura hachina kuenzana.Kana kupera kusina simba, simiti inobudiswa nenzira yekupfira mvura (mufananidzo 1, kuruboshwe), uye kana kutonhora kwakanyanya usiku, chirimwa chinokura pasina.

Kugadzirisa matanho kana rhizosphere EC isina kujairika: ① Kana iyo yekudzoka EC yakakwira, iyo inouya EC inofanira kunge iri mukati mehumwe hunoenderana.Kazhinji, EC inouya yemadomasi makuru emichero ndeye 2.5 ~ 3.5mS/cm muzhizha uye 3.5 ~ 4.0mS/cm muchando.Chechipiri, kunatsa mwero wekudzosa kwemvura, inova pamberi pekudiridza kwepamusoro-soro masikati, uye ona kuti kudzoka kwemvura kunoitika pakudiridza kwese.Muyero wekudzoka kwemvura wakanyatsoenderana nekuunganidzwa kwemwaranzi.Muzhizha, kana kusimba kwemwaranzi kuchiri kupfuura 450 W/m2 uye nguva yacho inopfuura 30 min, diki yekudiridza (50 ~ 100mL / dripper) inofanira kuwedzerwa nemaoko kamwe, uye zviri nani kuti pasave nemvura inodzoka. zvinowanzoitika.② Kana chiyero chekudzoka kwemvura chakaderera, zvikonzero zvikuru ndezviyero zvekudzoka kwemvura, yakaderera EC uye kunonoka kudiridza kwekupedzisira.Tichitarisa nguva yekupedzisira yekudiridza, kudiridza kwekupedzisira kunowanzopera 2 ~ 5h zuva risati ravira, kupera mumazuva ane makore uye chando pamberi penguva, uye kunonoka mumazuva ezuva nezhizha.Dzora chiyero chekudzoka kwemvura, zvichienderana nekuunganidza kwekunze kwemwaranzi.Kazhinji, chiyero chekudzoka kwemvura chiri pasi pegumi muzana apo kuunganidzwa kwemwaranzi kuri kushoma 500J/(cm2.d), uye 10% ~ 20% apo kuunganidzwa kwemwaranzi kuri 500 ~ 1000J/(cm2.d), zvichingodaro. .

Zvikonzero zvisina kujairika uye matanho ekugadzirisa ematomatisi rhizosphere pH

Kazhinji, pH yeanofurira ndeye 5.5 uye pH yeleachate i5.5 ~ 6.5 pasi pemamiriro akanaka.Zvinhu zvinokanganisa rhizosphere pH ndeye formula, tsika yepakati, leachate rate, mvura yemhando nezvimwe.Kana iyo rhizosphere pH yakaderera, ichapisa midzi uye kunyungudutsa rock wool matrix zvakakomba, sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 3. Kana rhizosphere pH yakakwirira, kutora kweMn2 +, Fe 3+, Mg2 + uye PO4 3- kuchaderedzwa. , izvo zvinozotungamira mukuitika kwekushaikwa kwechimwe chinhu, sekushaikwa kwemanganese kunokonzerwa nehupamhi hwerhizosphere pH, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 4.

Panyaya yemhando yemvura, mvura inonaya uye RO membrane yekusefa mvura ine acidic, uye pH yedoro raamai inowanzoita 3 ~ 4, inotungamira kune yakaderera pH yedoro rinopinda.Potassium hydroxide uye potassium bicarbonate zvinowanzo shandiswa kugadzirisa pH yedoro rinopinza.Mvura yemvura uye pasi pevhu zvinowanzogadziriswa ne nitric acid uye phosphoric acid nokuti ine HCO3-iyo inonzi alkaline.Abnormal inlet pH inokanganisa zvakananga kudzoka pH, saka yakakodzera inlet pH ndiyo hwaro hwemutemo.Kana iri substrate yekurima, mushure mekudyara, iyo pH yemvura inodzoka yekokonati bran substrate iri padyo neiyo yemvura iri kuuya, uye iyo isina kujairika pH yemvura iri kuuya haizokonzeredze kushanduka kwe rhizosphere pH munguva pfupi nekuda kwe iyo yakanaka buffering pfuma ye substrate.Pasi pekurima mvere dzematombo, iyo pH kukosha kweiyo mvura yekudzoka mushure mekoloni yakakwira uye inogara kwenguva yakareba.

Panyaya yefomula, zvinoenderana neyakasiyana yekunyudza kugona kweiyoni nezvirimwa, inogona kupatsanurwa kuita physiological acid munyu uye physiological alkaline munyu.Kutora NO3- semuenzaniso, apo zvinomera zvinotora 1mol yeNO3-, midzi yemidzi inobudisa 1mol yeOH-, iyo inotungamirira kukuwedzera kwerhizosphere pH, apo iyo midzi yemidzi inotora NH4 +, inosunungura iyo yakafanana H +, izvo zvinotungamira mukudzikira kwe rhizosphere pH.Naizvozvo, nitrate inyu ye physiologically yakakosha munyu, nepo ammonium munyu iri physiologically acidic munyu.Kazhinji, potassium sulfate, calcium ammonium nitrate uye ammonium sulfate i physiological acid fertilizer, potassium nitrate uye calcium nitrate i physiological alkaline munyu, uye ammonium nitrate haina kwayakarerekera munyu.Kurudziro yehuwandu hwekudzoka kwemvura pa rhizosphere pH inonyanya kuratidzwa mukutsvaira kwe rhizosphere chikafu chemushonga, uye iyo abnormal rhizosphere pH inokonzerwa nekusaenzana kweion concentration murhizosphere.

Matanho ekugadzirisa kana rhizosphere pH isiri yenguva dzose: ① Chekutanga, tarisa kana pH yekufurira iri muchikamu chinonzwisisika;(2) Paanoshandisa mvura ine carbonate yakawanda, yakadai semvura yemugodhi, munyori akamboona kuti pH yehuputi yakanga yakajairika, asi mushure mokunge kudiridza kwapera musi iwoyo, pH yehuputi yakaongororwa uye yakawanikwa ichiwedzerwa.Mushure mekuongorora, chikonzero chingangodaro chaiva chokuti pH yakawedzerwa nekuda kwebhafa yeHCO3-, saka zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa nitric acid semutongi kana uchishandisa mvura yetsime semvura yekudiridza;(3) Kana mvere dzematombo dzichishandiswa sekudyara substrate, iyo pH yemhinduro yekudzoka yakakwirira kwenguva yakareba mukutanga kwekudyara.Muchiitiko ichi, pH yemhinduro inouya inofanira kuderedzwa zvakakodzera kusvika 5.2 ~ 5.5, uye panguva imwe chete, chiyero che physiological acid munyu chinofanira kuwedzerwa, uye calcium ammonium nitrate inofanira kushandiswa panzvimbo ye calcium nitrate uye potassium sulfate. kushandiswa panzvimbo ye potassium nitrate.Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti dosage yeNH4 + haifanirwe kudarika 1/10 yeiyo yakazara N mufomula.Semuenzaniso, kana iyo yakazara N concentration (NO3- + NH4 +) mune influent iri 20mmol/L, iyo NH4+ concentration iri pasi pe2mmol/L, uye potassium sulfate inogona kushandiswa panzvimbo ye potassium nitrate, asi zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti huwandu hweSO4^2-mukudiridza influent haina kukurudzirwa kudarika 6 ~ 8 mmol / L;(4) Maererano nehuwandu hwekudzoka kwemvura, huwandu hwekudiridza hunofanira kuwedzerwa nguva imwe neimwe uye substrate inofanira kushambidzwa, kunyanya kana mvere dzematombo dzichishandiswa pakudyara, saka rhizosphere pH haigoni kugadziriswa nokukurumidza munguva pfupi nekushandisa physiological. asidhi munyu, saka huwandu hwekudiridza hunofanira kuwedzerwa kugadzirisa rhizosphere pH kusvika kune inonzwisisika siyana nekukurumidza.

Summary

Huwandu hunonzwisisika hwe rhizosphere EC uye pH ndiyo nhanho yekuona kunyudzwa kwemvura nefetereza nemidzi yemadomasi.Maitiro asina kujairika achaita kuti kushaikwa kwekudyara kwekudyara, kusaenzana kwechiyero chemvura (kushomeka kwemvura kunetseka / kuwandisa kwemvura yemahara), kupisa midzi (yakakwirira EC uye yakaderera pH) uye mamwe matambudziko.Nekuda kwekunonoka kwekukanganisa kwechirimwa kunokonzerwa neabnormal rhizosphere EC uye pH, kana dambudziko raitika, zvinoreva kuti abnormal rhizosphere EC uye pH yakaitika kwemazuva mazhinji, uye maitiro echirimwa kudzokera kune zvakajairika anotora nguva, ayo anokanganisa zvakananga kubuda uye kunaka.Naizvozvo, zvakakosha kuona iyo EC uye pH yeinouya uye inodzoka mvura zuva rega rega.

END

[Ruzivo rwakanyorwa] Chen Tongqiang, Xu Fengjiao, Ma Tiemin, etc. Rhizosphere EC uye pH yekudzora nzira yematomato isina ivhu tsika mugirazi greenhouse [J].Agricultural Engineering Technology, 2022,42(31):17-20.