Tekinoroji yeinjiniya yekurima yegreenhouseYakaburitswa na17:30 musi wa14 Gumiguru, 2022 muBeijing

Nekuwedzera kuri kuramba kuchiita huwandu hwevanhu pasi rose, kudiwa kwechikafu kwevanhu kuri kuwedzera zuva nezuva, uye zvinodiwa zvakanyanya zvekudya zvinovaka muviri uye kuchengetedzeka zviri kupihwa. Kurima zvirimwa zvinobereka goho guru uye zvemhando yepamusoro inzira yakakosha yekugadzirisa matambudziko ezvekudya. Zvisinei, nzira yekuberekesa yechinyakare inotora nguva yakareba kurima mhando dzakanaka, izvo zvinoderedza kufambira mberi kwekuberekesa. Kune zvirimwa zvinozviberekesa zvegore negore, zvinogona kutora makore 10-15 kubva pakuberekesa kwekutanga kusvika pakugadzirwa kwemhando itsva. Saka, kuti kukurumidze kufambira mberi kwekuberekesa zvirimwa, zvakakosha kuvandudza kushanda kwekuberekesa uye kupfupisa nguva yekuberekesa.

Kukurumidza kubereka zvinoreva kuwedzera kukura kwezvirimwa, kukurumidzisa kutumbuka kwemaruva nekubereka, uye kupfupisa kutenderera kwekubereka nekudzora mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza muimba yekukurira yezvakatipoteredza yakavharwa zvizere. Plant factory sisitimu yekurima inogona kuwana kugadzirwa kwezvirimwa zvine hunyanzwi kuburikidza nekudzora zvakatipoteredza kwakanyatsojeka munzvimbo, uye inzvimbo yakanaka yekubereka nekukurumidza. Mamiriro ekunze ekudyara akadai sechiedza, tembiricha, hunyoro uye huwandu hweCO2 mufekitori anogona kudzorwa, uye haakanganisike nemamiriro ekunze ekunze. Pasi pemamiriro ekunze akadzorwa, simba rechiedza, nguva yechiedza uye tembiricha zvinogona kukurumidzisa maitiro akasiyana-siyana emuviri wezvirimwa, kunyanya photosynthesis nemaruva, nokudaro zvichipfupisa nguva yekukura kwezvirimwa. Kushandisa tekinoroji yefekitori yezvirimwa kudzora kukura kwezvirimwa, kukohwa michero pachine nguva, chero bedzi mbeu shoma dzine kugona kumera dzichigona kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekubereka.

Photoperiod, chinhu chikuru chinokanganisa kukura kwezvirimwa

Kutenderera kwechiedza kunoreva kuchinjana kwenguva yechiedza nenguva yerima pazuva. Kutenderera kwechiedza chinhu chakakosha chinokanganisa kukura, kukura, kutumbuka uye kubereka kwezvirimwa. Nekuona shanduko yekutenderera kwechiedza, zvirimwa zvinogona kuchinja kubva pakukura kwezvirimwa kuenda pakukura kwekubereka uye kutumbuka nekubereka zvizere. Mhando dzakasiyana dzezvirimwa uye majini ane mhinduro dzakasiyana dzemuviri kune shanduko dzenguva yephoto. Miti inopenya kwenguva refu, kana nguva yezuva yadarika kureba kwezuva kwakakosha, nguva yemaruva inowanzo kurumidziswa nekurebeswa kwenguva yephotoperiod, senge oats, gorosi nebhari. Miti isina kusimba, zvisinei nenguva yephotoperiod, ichatumbuka, senge mupunga, chibage necucumber. Miti yemazuva mapfupi, senge donje, soya nemhunga, inoda nguva yephotoperiod yakaderera pane kureba kwezuva kwakakosha kuti itumbuke. Pasi pemamiriro ekunze ekugadzira echiedza chemaawa masere uye tembiricha yepamusoro ye30℃, nguva yemaruva eamaranth inopfuura mazuva makumi mana isati yasvika pane iyo iri mumunda. Pasi pekurapwa kwechiedza chinotenderera kwemaawa 16/8 (chiedza/rima), mhando dzose nomwe dzebhari dzakatanga kumera kare: Franklin (mazuva 36), Gairdner (mazuva 35), Gimmett (mazuva 33), Commander (mazuva 30), Fleet (mazuva 29), Baudin (mazuva 26) naLockyer (mazuva 25).

Pasi penzvimbo yekugadzira, nguva yekukura kwegorosi inogona kupfupikiswa nekushandisa zvirimwa zvemudumbu kuti zviwane mbesa, uye yozodziisa mumaawa gumi nematanhatu, uye zvizvarwa zvisere zvinogona kuburitswa gore rega rega. Nguva yekukura kwembesa yakapfupikiswa kubva pamazuva zana nemakumi mana nematatu mumunda kusvika pamazuva makumi matanhatu nemanomwe mumunda wegreenhouse wekugadzira une chiedza chemaawa gumi nematanhatu. Nekuwedzera nguva yekutora mifananidzo kusvika maawa makumi maviri uye kuisanganisa ne21°C/16°C (masikati/husiku), nguva yekukura kwembesa inogona kupfupikiswa kusvika mazuva makumi matanhatu nemasere, uye mwero wekuisa mbeu i97.8%. Pasi pemamiriro enzvimbo inodzorwa, mushure memaawa makumi maviri ekurapwa kwephotoperiod, zvinotora mazuva makumi matatu nemaviri kubva pakudyara kusvika pakutumbuka, uye nguva yese yekukura imazuva makumi matanhatu nemaviri kusvika makumi manomwe nerimwe, ayo ari mapfupi pane ari mumunda nemazuva anopfuura makumi matatu. Pasi pemamiriro egreenhouse yekugadzira ine maawa makumi maviri nemaviri ephotoperiod, nguva yekukura kwegorosi, bhari, rape ne chickpea inopfupikiswa nemazuva makumi maviri nemaviri, makumi matanhatu nemana, makumi manomwe nematatu nemazana matatu nematatu paavhareji, zvichiteerana. Pamwe chete nekukohwa kwekutanga kwembeu, mwero wekumera kwembeu dzekukohwa kwekutanga unogona kusvika paavhareji ye92%, 98%, 89% uye 94%, izvo zvinogona kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvekubereka. Mhando dzinokurumidza dzinogona kubereka zvizvarwa zvitanhatu (gorosi) uye zvizvarwa zvinomwe (gorosi). Pamusana penguva yemaawa makumi maviri nemaviri, nguva yekutumbuka kweoats yakaderedzwa nemazuva gumi nerimwe, uye mazuva makumi maviri nerimwe mushure mekutumbuka, mbeu dzinokwana shanu dzinogona kuvimbiswa, uye zvizvarwa zvishanu zvinogona kuparadzirwa gore rega rega. Mugreenhouse yekugadzira ine kuvhenekerwa kwemaawa makumi maviri nemaviri, nguva yekukura kwenyemba inopfupikiswa kusvika pamazuva zana negumi nemashanu, uye dzinogona kubereka kwezvizvarwa zvitatu kusvika zvina pagore. Pamusana penguva yekuvhenekerwa kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana mugreenhouse yekugadzira, kutenderera kwekukura kwenzungu kunoderedzwa kubva pamazuva zana nemakumi mana nemashanu kusvika pamazuva makumi masere nemapfumbamwe, uye inogona kuparadzirwa kwezvizvarwa zvina mugore rimwe chete.

Hunhu hwechiedza

Chiedza chinoita basa guru mukukura nekukura kwezvirimwa. Chiedza chinogona kudzora maruva nekuchinja ma photoreceptors akawanda. Chiyero chechiedza chitsvuku (R) nechiedza chebhuruu (B) chakakosha zvikuru pakutumbuka kwezvirimwa. Hurefu hwechiedza chitsvuku hwe600 ~ 700nm hune huwandu hwechlorophyll inonyudzwa ye660nm, iyo inogona kukurudzira photosynthesis zvinobudirira. Hurefu hwechiedza chebhuruu hwe400 ~ 500nm huchakanganisa phototropism yezvirimwa, kuvhurika kwedumbu uye kukura kwembeu. Mugorosi, huwandu hwechiedza chitsvuku nechiedza chebhuruu hunenge 1, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kutumbuka nekukurumidza. Pasi pemhando yechiedza yeR:B=4:1, nguva yekukura kwembeu dzesoya dziri pakati nepakati nepakupera kwekukura yakapfupikiswa kubva pamazuva 120 kusvika pamazuva 63, uye kureba kwechirimwa ne biomass yekudya zvakaderedzwa, asi goho rembeu harina kukanganiswa, izvo zvaigona kugutsa kanenge mbeu imwe chete pachirimwa, uye avhareji yekumera kwembeu dzisina kukura yaive 81.7%. Pasi pemamiriro ekuvhenekerwa kwemaawa gumi uye kuwedzerwa kwechiedza chebhuruu, zvirimwa zvesoya zvakava zvipfupi uye zvakasimba, zvakatumbuka mazuva makumi maviri nematatu mushure mekudyara, zvakakura mukati memazuva makumi manomwe nemanomwe, uye zvaigona kubereka kwezvizvarwa zvishanu mugore rimwe chete.

Chiyero chechiedza chitsvuku nechiedza chitsvuku (FR) chinokanganisawo kutumbuka kwemiti. Mapigment ane mwenje wekupenya aripo mumhando mbiri: kunyudzwa kwechiedza chitsvuku (Pfr) uye kunyudzwa kwechiedza chitsvuku (Pr). Pachiyero cheR:FR chakaderera, mapigment ane mwenje wekupenya anoshandurwa kubva kuPfr kuenda kuPr, izvo zvinotungamira kutumbuka kwemiti yezuva refu. Kushandisa mwenje yeLED kudzora R:FR(0.66~1.07) yakakodzera kunogona kuwedzera kureba kwemiti, kukurudzira kutumbuka kwemiti yezuva refu (senge morning glory nesnapdragon), uye kudzivirira kutumbuka kwemiti yezuva pfupi (senge marigold). Kana R:FR yakakura kupfuura 3.1, nguva yekutumbuka kwelentils inononoka. Kuderedza R:FR kusvika 1.9 kunogona kuwana mhedzisiro yakanaka yekutumbuka, uye inogona kutumbuka pazuva rechi31 mushure mekudyara. Mhedzisiro yechiedza chitsvuku pakudzivisa kutumbuka kwemiti inokonzereswa nepigment ine mwenje wekupenya Pr. Ongororo dzakaratidza kuti kana R:FR yakakwira kupfuura 3.5, nguva yekutumbuka kwemiti mishanu yembeu (nyemba, nyemba, bhinzi, nyemba nelupin) inononoka. Mune mamwe marudzi emupunga nemupunga, chiedza chitsvuku chinoshandiswa kusimudzira kutumbuka kwemazuva gumi nemazuva makumi maviri zvichiteerana.

Fetereza CO₂

CO₂ndiyo nzvimbo huru yekabhoni inokonzera photosynthesis. Kuwanda kweCO2 mumafuta emuchadenga₂inogona kukurudzira kukura nekubereka kweC3 annual, ukuwo CO2 yakaderera₂zvinogona kuderedza kukura nekuberekana nekuda kwekudziviswa kwekabhoni. Semuenzaniso, kushanda zvakanaka kwezvirimwa zveC3, zvakaita semupunga negorosi, kunowedzera nekuwedzera kweCO2.₂mwero weCO2, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwebiomass uye kutumbuka kwekutanga. Kuti pave nemigumisiro yakanaka yeCO2₂Kana huwandu hwemvura nezvinovaka muviri zvichikwira, zvingangodiwa kuti pave nekuwanda kwemvura nezvinovaka muviri. Nokudaro, kana pasina mari yakawanda, hydroponics inogona kusunungura zvizere mukana wekukura kwezvirimwa. CO2 yakaderera₂kuwanda kwemiti kwakanonotsa nguva yekutumbuka kweArabidopsis thaliana, nepo CO2 yakakwira₂kuwanda kwemupunga kwakakurumidzisa nguva yekutumbuka kwemupunga, kwakapfupisa nguva yekukura kwemupunga kusvika kumwedzi mitatu, uye kwakapararira zvizvarwa zvina pagore. Nekuwedzera CO2₂kusvika 785.7μmol/mol mubhokisi rekukura kwekugadzira, kutenderera kwekubereka kwemhando yesoya 'Enrei' kwakapfupikiswa kusvika pamazuva makumi manomwe, uye kwaigona kubereka zvizvarwa zvishanu mugore rimwe chete. Kana CO2 yawedzera.₂huwandu hwacho hwakawedzera kusvika pa550μmol/mol, kutumbuka kweCajanus cajan kwakanonoka kwemazuva 8~9, uye nguva yekuibva kwemichero yakanonokawo kwemazuva 9. Cajanus cajan yakaunganidza shuga isinganyungudike paCO2 yakakwira.₂huwandu hwezvirimwa, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kutapurirana kwezviratidzo uye kunonoka kutumbuka. Pamusoro pezvo, muimba yekukura ine CO2 yakawedzera₂, huwandu uye mhando yemaruva esoya zvinowedzera, izvo zvinobatsira pakusanganiswa, uye mwero wekusanganiswa kwayo wakakwira zvikuru kupfuura wesoya dzinorimwa mumunda.

Tarisiro yeramangwana

Kurima kwemazuva ano kunogona kukurumidzisa maitiro ekuberekesa zvirimwa kuburikidza nekumwe kubereka uye kubereka kwenzvimbo. Zvisinei, kune zvimwe zvikanganiso munzira idzi, zvakaita sezvinodiwa zvakanyanya munzvimbo, manejimendi evashandi anodhura uye mamiriro echisikigo asina kugadzikana, izvo zvisingagone kuvimbisa kukohwa kwembeu zvinobudirira. Kuberekesa munzvimbo kunokonzerwa nemamiriro ekunze, uye nguva yekuwedzera zvirimwa yakaganhurirwa. Zvisinei, kubereka kwemamaki emolecular kunongokurumidzisa kusarudzwa uye kusarudzwa kwehunhu hwekuberekesa. Parizvino, tekinoroji yekuberekesa nekukurumidza yakashandiswa kuGramineae, Leguminosae, Cruciferae nedzimwe zvirimwa. Zvisinei, kubereka kwemamaki ezvirimwa nekukurumidza kunobvisa zvachose pesvedzero yemamiriro ekunze, uye kunogona kudzora mamiriro ekukura zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nekukura kwezvirimwa. Kubatanidza tekinoroji yekuberekesa nekukurumidza yefekitori yezvirimwa nekuberekesa kwechinyakare, kubereka kwemaki emolecular nedzimwe nzira dzekuberekesa zvinobudirira, pasi pemamiriro ekukurumidza kubereka, nguva inodiwa yekuwana homozygous lines mushure mekusanganiswa inogona kuderedzwa, uye panguva imwe chete, zvizvarwa zvekutanga zvinogona kusarudzwa kuti zvipfupise nguva inodiwa kuti zviwane hunhu hwakanaka uye zvizvarwa zvekuberekesa.

Chinhu chikuru chinokanganisa tekinoroji yekubereka zvirimwa nekukurumidza mumafekitori ndechekuti mamiriro ekunze anodiwa pakukura nekukura kwezvirimwa zvakasiyana zvakasiyana, uye zvinotora nguva yakareba kuti uwane mamiriro ekunze ekubereka zvirimwa nekukurumidza. Panguva imwe chete, nekuda kwemitengo yakakwira yekuvaka nekushanda kwefekitori yezvirimwa, zvakaoma kuita kuyedza kukuru kwekubereka, izvo zvinowanzoita kuti goho rembeu rive shoma, izvo zvinogona kudzikamisa kuongororwa kwehunhu hwemunda. Nekuvandudzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kwemidziyo netekinoroji yefekitori yezvirimwa, mutengo wekuvaka nekushanda kwefekitori yezvirimwa unodzikira zvishoma nezvishoma. Zvinokwanisika kuwedzera tekinoroji yekubereka nekukurumidza uye kupfupisa kutenderera kwekubereka nekubatanidza tekinoroji yekubereka nekukurumidza yefekitori yezvirimwa nedzimwe nzira dzekubereka.

MUGUMO

Ruzivo rwataurwa

Liu Kaizhe, Liu Houcheng. Kufambira mberi kwekutsvaga tekinoroji yekubereka nekukurumidza mufekitori yezvirimwa [J]. Agricultural Engineering Technology, 2022,42(22):46-49.