Tekinoroji yeUinjiniya yeZhang Zhiping yeGreenhouse Horticulture yepakutanga 2022-08-26 17:20 Yakanyorwa muBeijing

China yakagadzira hurongwa hwekudzivirira nekudzivirira zvipembenene zvisina njodzi uye kusakura kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene, uye matekinoroji matsva anoshandisa zvipembenene zvinotora mafototakisi kudzora zvipembenene zvekurima akakurudzirwa uye akashandiswa zvakanyanya.

Nheyo dze tekinoroji yekudzora zvipembenene zvespectral

Kudzora zvipembenene nenzira dze spectroscopic kunobva pahunhu hwemuviri hweboka rezvipembenene. Zvipembenene zvakawanda zvine mwero wakafanana we wavelength, chimwe chikamu chakanyanya muUVA band isingaonekwe, uye chimwe chikamu chiri muchikamu chechiedza chinoonekwa. Muchikamu chisingaonekwe, nekuti chiri kunze kwemwero wechiedza chinoonekwa uye photosynthesis, zvinoreva kuti kupindira kwekutsvaga muchikamu ichi chebhandi hakuzokanganisa basa uye photosynthesis yezvirimwa. Vaongorori vakaona kuti nekuvhara chikamu ichi chebhandi, zvinogona kugadzira nzvimbo dzisingaonekwe nezvipembenene, kuderedza kushanda kwazvo, kudzivirira zvirimwa kubva kuzvipembenene uye kuderedza kutapurirana kwehutachiona. Muchikamu ichi chebhandi rechiedza chinoonekwa, zvinokwanisika kusimbisa chikamu ichi chebhandi munzvimbo iri kure nezvirimwa kuti zvipindire munzira yekushanda kwezvipembenene kudzivirira zvirimwa kuti zvisaparadzwe.

Zvipembenene zvinowanzoonekwa munzvimbo iyi

Zvipembenene zvinowanzoonekwa munzvimbo dzekudyara zvinosanganisira thrips, aphids, whiteflies, uye leafminers, nezvimwewo.

utachiona hwema thrips

kupararira kwe aphid

kupararira kwenhunzi chena

kupararira kwemashizha

Mhinduro dzekudzora zvipembenene nezvirwere zvemumba

Ongororo iyi yakawana kuti zvipembenene zvataurwa pamusoro apa zvine tsika dzakajairika dzekurarama. Mabasa, kubhururuka uye kutsvaga chikafu kwezvipembenene izvi zvinoenderana nekufamba kwemavara akasiyana-siyana muboka rakati, zvakaita semaaphid ne whiteflies muchiedza che ultraviolet (wavelength inosvika 360 nm) uye chiedza chegirini kusvika yeyero (520~540 nm) zvine nhengo dzinogamuchira. Kupindira nemapoka maviri aya kunokanganisa mashandiro ezvipembenene uye kunoderedza mwero wekubereka kwazvo. Ma thrips anewo kunzwisiswa kunooneka muchikamu chechiedza chinoonekwa che 400-500 nm band.

Chiedza chine ruvara rwakati siyanei chinogona kukonzera zvipembenene kumhara, nokudaro zvichigadzira mamiriro akanaka ekukwezva nekubata zvipembenene. Pamusoro pezvo, mwero wepamusoro wekupenya kwezuva (inopfuura 25% yemwaranzi yechiedza) unogona zvakare kudzivirira zvipembenene kuti zvisabatanidze hunhu hwemaziso. Zvakadai sekusimba, kureba kwewavelength uye kusiyana kwemavara, zvinokanganisawo zvakanyanya mwero wemhinduro yezvipembenene. Zvimwe zvipembenene zvine maspectrum maviri anooneka, anoti UV nechiedza cheyero-girini, uye zvimwe zvine maspectrum matatu anooneka, ayo ari UV, chiedza chebhuruu nechiedza cheyero-girini.

mabhandi echiedza anoonekwa ezvipembenene zvinozivikanwa

Pamusoro pezvo, zvipembenene zvinokuvadza zvinogona kukanganiswa ne negative phototaxis yazvo. Nekudzidza mararamiro ezvipembenene, mhinduro mbiri dzekudzivirira zvipembenene dzinogona kushandiswa. Imwe ndeyekuchinja nharaunda yegreenhouse munzvimbo inovharika, kuitira kuti huwandu hwezvipembenene zviri mugreenhouse, zvakaita se ultraviolet light range, huderedzwe kusvika padanho rakaderera, kugadzira "upofu" kune zvipembenene zviri mubhendi iri; chechipiri, kune nguva isingavharike, kuratidzwa kana kupararira kwechiedza chine mavara chemamwe ma receptors mugreenhouse kunogona kuwedzerwa, nokudaro zvichikanganisa kutenderera kwekubhururuka nekumhara kwezvipembenene.

Nzira yekudzivirira UV

Nzira yekudzivirira UV ndeyekuwedzera zvinhu zvinodzivirira UV mugreenhouse film nepeat yezvipembenene, kudzivirira zvinobudirira mawavelength bands anonyanya kunzwa zvipembenene zviri muchiedza chinopinda mugreenhouse. Izvi zvinodzivisa kushanda kwezvipembenene, kuderedza kuberekana kwezvipembenene uye kuderedza kutapurirana kwezvipembenene nezvirwere pakati pezvirimwa zviri mugreenhouse.

Mambure ezvipembenene eSpectrum

Mambure e50-mesh (high mesh density) asingapindi zvipembenene haagone kumisa zvipembenene nekungotarisa saizi yemesh. Kusiyana neizvi, mesh yacho yakakura uye mhepo inofefetera zvakanaka, asi zvipembenene hazvigone kudzorwa.

kudzivirira kwemumbure wezvipembenene wakawanda

Mambure ezvipembenene eSpectral anovhara mabhandi echiedza anonzwa ezvipembenene nekuwedzera zvimwe zvinhu zve anti-ultraviolet bands pazvinhu zvakagadzirwa. Nekuti hazvisi kungovimba nehuwandu hwemambure chete kudzora zvipembenene, zvinokwanisikawo kushandisa mambure ekudzivirira zvipembenene emesh yakaderera kuti uwane mhedzisiro iri nani yekudzora zvipembenene. Kureva kuti, nepo ichivimbisa kufefetera kwakanaka, inowanawo kutonga kwezvipembenene zvinobudirira. Saka, kusawirirana pakati pekufefetera nekudzora zvipembenene munzvimbo yekudyara kunogadziriswawo, uye zvese zvinodiwa zvinoshanda zvinogona kuzadzikiswa uye chiyero chakaringana chawanikwa..

Kubva pakuratidzwa kwebhendi respectral riri pasi penet re50-mesh spectral control net, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti bhendi reUV (bhendi rezvipembenene rinonzwa chiedza) rinonyudzwa zvakanyanya, uye kuratidzwa kwaro kuri pasi pe10%. Munzvimbo yemahwindo emhepo egreenhouse ane mambure ezvipembenene akadaro, kuona kwezvipembenene hakuonekwe mubhendi iri.

mepu yekuratidzira yebhendi respectral remambure ezvipembenene espectral (50 mesh)

mambure ezvipembenene ane ma spectrum akasiyana

Kuti vaone kuti mambure ekudzivirira zvipembenene ari pasi pema spectral, vaongorori vakaita bvunzo dzakakodzera, kureva kuti, mubindu rekugadzira madomasi, mambure ekudzivirira zvipembenene ane ma 50-mesh, mambure ekudzivirira zvipembenene ane ma spectral ane ma 50-mesh, mambure ekudzivirira zvipembenene ane ma 40-mesh, uye mambure ekudzivirira zvipembenene ane ma 40-mesh. Mambure ezvipembenene ane mashandiro akasiyana uye huwandu hwakasiyana hwema spectral akashandiswa kuenzanisa mwero wekurarama kwe whitefly ne thrips. Mukuverenga kwega kwega, huwandu hwe whitefly pasi pe 50-mesh spectrum insect control net hwaive hushoma, uye huwandu hwe whitefly pasi pe 40-mesh insect net hwaive hukuru. Zvinogona kuonekwa zvakajeka kuti pasi pe nhamba imwechete ye whitefly ye spectral insect net, huwandu hwe whitefly pasi pe spectral insect net hwakaderera zvakanyanya pane huri pasi pe straight net. Pasi penhamba imwe chete yemesh, huwandu hwemathrips ari pasi pemambure asingapindi zvipembenene (spectral) hushoma pane huri pasi pemambure asingapindi zvipembenene (common-residential spectal net), uye kunyange huwandu hwemathrips ari pasi pemambure asingapindi zvipembenene (spectral net) hushoma pane huri pasi pemambure asingapindi zvipembenene (common-residential spectal net) hushoma pane huri pasi pemambure asingapindi zvipembenene (common-residential spectal net) ane mamesh 50. Kazhinji, mambure asingapindi zvipembenene (spectral net) anogona kuramba aine simba rakasimba rekudzivirira zvipembenene kupfuura mambure asingapindi zvipembenene (high-mesh) uku achivimbisa kuti mhepo inofefetera zvakanaka.

kudzivirira kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemambure asingapindi zvipembenene nemambure akajairika asingapindi zvipembenene

Panguva imwe chete, vaongorori vakaitawo imwe ongororo, kureva kuti, vachishandisa mambure e50-mesh akajairika asingapindirwe nezvipembenene, mambure e50-mesh spectral asingapindirwe nezvipembenene, uye mambure e68-mesh akajairika asingapindirwe nezvipembenene kuti vaenzanise huwandu hwemathrips ari mugreenhouse ekugadzira madomasi. Sezvinoratidzwa nemufananidzo 10, mambure e68-mesh akafanana, nekuda kwehuwandu hwawo hwemambure, mhedzisiro yemambure asingapindirwe nezvipembenene yakanyanya kupfuura ye50-mesh yakajairika isingapindirwe nezvipembenene. Asi mambure e50-mesh low-mesh spectral akaenzana haana mathrips akawanda kupfuura mambure e68-mesh akajairika asingapindirwe nezvipembenene.

kuenzanisa huwandu hwema thrips pasi pemambure akasiyana ezvipembenene

Pamusoro pezvo, pavaiedza mambure e50-mesh akajairika asingapindirwe nezvipembenene uye 40-mesh spectral immune-insect net ine maitiro maviri akasiyana uye huwandu hwakasiyana hwemambure, pavaienzanisa huwandu hwemathrips pabhodhi rinonamira munzvimbo yekugadzira leek, vaongorori vakaona kuti kunyangwe nemesh yakaderera, huwandu hwemambure espectral hunewo mhedzisiro yakanaka kwazvo isingapindirwe nezvipembenene kupfuura mambure epamusoro asingapindirwe nezvipembenene.

kuenzanisa nhamba ye thrip pasi pemambure akasiyana ekudzivirira zvipembenene mukugadzirwa

kuenzanisa chaiko kwemhedzisiro ye mesh imwe chete isingakuvadzi zvipembenene nemabasa akasiyana

 Firimu rekudzivirira zvipembenene reSpectral

Firimu rekunze rinofukidza greenhouse rinotora chikamu chemwenje weUV, chinovawo chikonzero chikuru chekukurumidzisa kukwegura kwefirimu. Zvinowedzerwa zvinovhara bhendi rezvipembenene zvinonzwa UVA zvinowedzerwa kufirimu rinofukidza greenhouse kuburikidza netekinoroji yakasiyana, uye pasi pepfungwa yekuona kuti hupenyu hwenguva dzose hwefirimu hahukanganiswi, rinogadzirwa kuita firimu rine hunhu hunodzivirira zvipembenene.

mhedzisiro yefirimu rinovhara UV uye firimu rakajairika pahuwandu hwema "whitefly", "thrips", uye "aphids".

Nekuwedzera kwenguva yekudyara, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti huwandu hwezvipembenene pasi pefirimu renguva dzose hwakawedzera zvikuru kupfuura huri pasi pefirimu rekuvhara UV. Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti kushandiswa kwefirimu rerudzi urwu kunoda kuti varimi vanyatso tarisa nzvimbo dzekupinda nekubuda uye nzvimbo dzekufema pavanenge vachishanda mugreenhouse yezuva nezuva, zvikasadaro simba rekushandisa firimu richadzikira. Nekuda kwekudzora zvipembenene zvinobudirira nefirimu rekuvhara UV, kushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene nevarimi kunodzikira. Pakudyara eustoma munzvimbo iyi, nefirimu rekuvhara UV, ingave nhamba yemashizha, thrips, whiteflies kana huwandu hwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inoshandiswa, ishoma pane yefirimu renguva dzose.

Kuenzanisa kwemhedzisiro yefirimu rinovhara UV nefirimu rakajairika

kuenzanisa kushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene mugreenhouse uchishandisa firimu rinovhara UV nefirimu rakajairika

Nzira yekukanganisa/kubata mavara akareruka

Kudzikira kwemavara ndiko kuratidzwa kwenhengo dzemuviri dzinoona zvipembenene nemavara akasiyana. Nekushandisa kunzwisiswa kwezvipembenene nemavara akasiyana kuti zvikanganise divi renzvimbo dzinoonekwa nezvipembenene, nokudaro zvichideredza kukuvadzwa kwezvipembenene kuzvirimwa uye zvichideredza kushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene.

Kupindira kwekuratidzira kwemafirimu

Mukugadzirwa kwacho, divi reyero refirimu reyero-brown rinotarisa kumusoro, uye zvipembenene zvakaita seaphids newhiteflies zvinowira pafirimu zvakawanda nekuda kwephototaxis. Panguva imwe chete, tembiricha yepamusoro yefirimu yakanyanya kukwira muzhizha, zvekuti huwandu hwakawanda hwezvipembenene zvinonamatira pamusoro pefirimu zvinourayiwa, nokudaro zvichideredza kukuvara kunokonzerwa nezvirimwa nezvipembenene zvakadaro zvinonamatira pazvirimwa zvisina kurongeka. Firimu resirivha-grey rinoshandisa negative tropism yeaphids, thrips, nezvimwewo kuchiedza cheruvara. Kufukidza cucumber nestrawberry planting greenhouse nefirimu resirivha-grey kunogona kuderedza kukuvara kwezvipembenene zvakadaro.

kushandisa mhando dzakasiyana dzemafirimu

mhedzisiro inoshanda yefirimu yero-brown mukugadzira madomasi

Kupindira kwechiedza chezuva chine mavara

Kuvhara mambure ekudzivirira zuva ane mavara akasiyana pamusoro pegreenhouse kunogona kuderedza kukuvara kwezvirimwa nekushandisa hunhu hweruvara rwezvipembenene. Huwandu hwenhunzi chena dziri mugedheni yeyero hwakanga hwakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura hwemugedheni mutsvuku, mugedheni rebhuruu negedheni dema. Huwandu hwenhunzi chena dziri mugreenhouse dzakafukidzwa negedheni yeyero hwakanga hushoma zvakanyanya pane hwemugedheni dema negedheni jena.

Kuongororwa kwemamiriro ekudzivirira zvipembenene nekushandisa mambure ekudzivirira zuva ane mavara akasiyana

Kupindira kwekufungisisa kwerubatsiro rwemambure ekudzivirira zuva anoratidzira foil yealuminium

Mambure ealuminium foil reflective akaiswa padivi pegreenhouse, uye huwandu hwenhunzi chena hwakaderera zvakanyanya. Zvichienzaniswa nembure yakajairika isingapindi zvipembenene, huwandu hwemathrips hwakaderedzwa kubva pa17.1 misoro/m²kusvika ku 4.0 misoro/m².

kushandiswa kwesimbi yealuminium foil inoburitsa chiedza

Bhodhi Rinonamira

Mukugadzira, mabhodhi eyero anoshandiswa kubata nekuuraya aphids ne whitefly. Pamusoro pezvo, ma thrips anonzwa bhuruu uye ane matekisi ebhuruu akasimba. Mukugadzira, mabhodhi ebhuruu anogona kushandiswa kubata nekuuraya ma thrips, nezvimwewo, zvichibva padzidziso yematekisi eruvara rwezvipembenene mukugadzirwa. Pakati pawo, ribhoni ine bullseye kana pattern inonyanya kukwezva zvipembenene..

tepi inonamira ine bullseye kana pateni

Ruzivo rwekutsanangura

Zhang Zhiping. Kushandiswa kweSpectral Pest Control Technology muFacility [J]. Agricultural Engineering Technology, 42(19): 17-22.