Chitubu Chekutanga: Houcheng Liu. Chimiro chebudiriro uye mafambiro eindasitiri yemwenje yezvirimwa zve LED [J]. Journal of Illumination Engineering, 2018,29(04):8-9.
Chinyorwa Chinobva: Nyaya Kana Yadzika

Chiedza ndicho chinhu chikuru chinobatsira kukura nekukura kwezvirimwa. Chiedza hachingopi simba rekukura kwezvirimwa chete kuburikidza ne photosynthesis, asiwo chinodzora kukura nekukura kwezvirimwa. Kuwedzerwa kwechiedza chekugadzira kana kupiswa kwechiedza chekugadzira kunogona kukurudzira kukura kwezvirimwa, kuwedzera goho, kuvandudza chimiro chechigadzirwa, ruvara, kuwedzera mashandiro ezvikamu, uye kuderedza kuwanda kwezvirwere nezvipembenene. Nhasi, ndichakuudzai mamiriro ekukura uye mafambiro eindasitiri yemwenje yezvirimwa.
Tekinoroji yemwenje yekugadzira iri kushandiswa zvakanyanya mumunda wemwenje yezvirimwa. LED ine zvakanakira zvakawanda zvakaita sekushanda zvakanaka kwechiedza, kugadzira kupisa kushoma, saizi diki, kugara kwenguva refu nezvimwe zvakanakira zvakawanda. Ine zvakanakira zviri pachena mumunda wemwenje yekukura. Indasitiri yemwenje yekukura ichatanga kushandisa mwenje yeLED zvishoma nezvishoma pakurima zvirimwa.

A. Mamiriro ekuvandudzwa kweindasitiri yemwenje yekukura kwe LED 

1. Pakeji ye LED yemwenje yekukura

Mumunda wekurongedza ma LED emwenje wekukura, kune mhando dzakawanda dzemidziyo yekurongedza, uye hapana sisitimu yakabatana yekuyera nekuongorora. Saka, kana tichienzanisa nezvigadzirwa zvemuno, vagadziri vekune dzimwe nyika vanonyanya kutarisa mirairo ine simba guru, cob uye module, vachifunga nezvemwenje chena, vachifunga nezvehunhu hwekukura kwezvirimwa nenzvimbo yemwenje yakagadzirwa nevanhu, vane mabhenefiti makuru ehunyanzvi mukuvimbika, kushanda zvakanaka kwechiedza, hunhu hwemwaranzi yephotosynthetic yezvirimwa zvakasiyana mumatanho akasiyana ekukura, kusanganisira mhando dzakasiyana dzezvirimwa zvine simba guru, simba repakati uye simba diki zvezvigadzirwa zvehukuru hwakasiyana, kuti zvizadzise zvinodiwa nezvirimwa zvakasiyana munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekukura, vachitarisira kuzadzisa chinangwa chekuwedzera kukura kwezvirimwa uye kuchengetedza simba.

Mapatent akawanda epakati emapaketi echip epitaxial wafers achiri mumaoko emakambani ekutanga anotungamira akadai seNichia yekuJapan neAmerican Career. Vagadziri vemapaketi emuno vachiri kushaya zvigadzirwa zvemapaketi zvine makwikwi emusika. Panguva imwe chete, makambani mazhinji ari kugadzirawo matekinoroji matsva mumunda wemachipisi ekugadzira magetsi ekukura. Semuenzaniso, tekinoroji yeOsram yemachipisi matete efirimu inoita kuti machipisi akwanise kurongedzwa pamwe chete kuti agadzire nzvimbo yakakura yemwenje. Zvichibva pahunyanzvi uhu, sisitimu yemwenje yeLED inoshanda zvakanyanya ine wavelength ye660nm inogona kuderedza 40% yesimba rinoshandiswa munzvimbo yekurima.

2. Kura chiedza chemagetsi nemidziyo
Mwenje wezvirimwa wakaoma uye wakasiyana-siyana. Zvirimwa zvakasiyana zvine misiyano yakakura muzvipenyu zvinodiwa mukukura kwakasiyana uye kunyange munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekukura. Kuti zvizadzise zvinodiwa izvi zvakasiyana, pari zvino kune zvirongwa zvinotevera muindasitiri: ①Mapurogiramu akawanda ekubatanidza chiedza chemonochromatic. Maspectra matatu anonyanya kushanda ekugadzira photosynthesis yezvirimwa ndiwo maspectrum ane peaks pa450nm ne660nm, 730nm band yekukurudzira kutumbuka kwezvirimwa, pamwe nechiedza chegirini che525nm uye ultraviolet band iri pasi pe380nm. Sanganisa marudzi aya espectra zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nezvirimwa kuti ugadzire spectrum yakakodzera. ②Murongwa wespectrum yakazara kuti uwane kufukidzwa kwakazara kwespectrum yekudiwa kwezvirimwa. Rudzi urwu rwespectrum rwunoenderana neSUNLIKE chip inomiririrwa neSeoul Semiconductor neSamsung hungasave hwakanyanya kushanda, asi rwakakodzera zvirimwa zvese, uye mutengo wakaderera zvikuru pane wemhinduro dzekubatanidza chiedza chemonochromatic. ③Shandisa mwenje muchena une spectrum yakazara senzira huru, pamwe nemwenje mutsvuku we660nm senzira yekubatanidza kuti uwedzere kushanda kwespectrum. Iyi nzira inodhura zvishoma uye inoshanda.

Zvishandiso zvekurongedza zvezvirimwa zvinopa chiedza chemhando ye LED (marefu ewavelengths makuru i450nm, 660nm, 730nm) zvinofukidzwa nemakambani mazhinji emuno neekunze, nepo zvigadzirwa zvemuno zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvine zvakawanda zvakatsanangurwa, uye zvigadzirwa zvevagadziri vekunze zvakajairwa zvakanyanya. Panguva imwe chete, maererano nephotosynthetic photon flux, kushanda kwechiedza, nezvimwewo, kuchine musiyano mukuru pakati pevagadziri vekurongedza vemuno neekunze. Kune michina yekurongedza yemwenje yezvirimwa, pamusoro pezvigadzirwa zvine main wavelength bands e450nm, 660nm, uye 730nm, vagadziri vazhinji vari kugadzirawo zvigadzirwa zvitsva mune mamwe mawavelength bands kuti vawane kufukidzwa kwakazara kwephoto-synthetically active radiation (PAR) wavelength (450-730nm).

Mwenje yekukura kwezvirimwa ye LED ine monochromatic haina kukodzera kukura kwezvirimwa zvese. Nokudaro, zvakanakira ma LED ane spectrum yakazara zvinoratidzwa. Iyo full spectrum inofanira kutanga yawana kufukidza kwakazara kwe spectrum yakazara yechiedza chinoonekwa (400-700nm), uye kuwedzera mashandiro emabhendi maviri aya: bhuruu-girini (470-510nm), tsvuku yakadzama (660-700nm). Shandisa LED yebhuruu yakajairika kana ultraviolet LED chip ine phosphor kuti uwane "full" spectrum, uye kushanda kwayo kwe photosynthetic kune yakakwirira uye yakaderera. Vagadziri vazhinji vezvishandiso zve LED zvemwenje yezvirimwa vanoshandisa Blue chip + phosphors kuti vawane full spectrum. Kuwedzera kune packing mode ye monochromatic light neblue light kana ultraviolet chip pamwe nephosphor kuti vawane chena light, plant lighting packing devices dzinewo composite packing mode inoshandisa maviri kana anopfuura wavelength chips, senge red ten blue/ultraviolet, RGB, RGBW. Iyi packing mode ine zvakanakira zvikuru mukudzima.

Panyaya yezvigadzirwa zve LED zvine urefu hwakatetepa, vazhinji vanopa machira vanogona kupa vatengi zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana zve wavelength mubhendi re 365-740nm. Nezve spectrum yemwenje yemiti inoshandurwa ne phosphors, vazhinji vanogadzira machira vane ma spectrum akasiyana-siyana ekuti vatengi vasarudze kubva. Zvichienzaniswa negore ra2016, mwero wekukura kwekutengesa muna 2017 wakawedzera zvakanyanya. Pakati pavo, mwero wekukura kwe 660nm LED light source wakaiswa mu 20%-50%, uye mwero wekukura kwekutengesa kwe phosphor-converted plant LED light source unosvika 50%-200%, kureva kuti, kutengeswa kwe phosphor-converted plant LED light sources kuri kukura nekukurumidza.

Makambani ese ekupaka anogona kupa zvigadzirwa zvekurongedza zve 0.2-0.9 W uye 1-3 W. Matangi aya echiedza anobvumira vagadziri vemwenje kuti vave nekuchinjika kwakanaka mukugadzira mwenje. Pamusoro pezvo, vamwe vagadziri vanopawo zvigadzirwa zvekurongedza zvine simba rakawanda. Parizvino, zvinopfuura 80% yezvinotumirwa nevagadziri vazhinji i0.2-0.9 W kana 1-3 W. Pakati pavo, zvinotumirwa nemakambani makuru ekupaka epasi rose zvakaungana mu1-3 W, nepo zvinotumirwa nemakambani madiki nepakati zvakaungana mu0.2-0.9 W.

3. Minda yekushandiswa kwemwenje yekukura kwezvirimwa

Kubva pakushandiswa, mwenje wekurima zvirimwa unonyanya kushandiswa mumwenje wegreenhouse, mafekitori emwenje wekugadzira, kurima tissue yezvirimwa, mwenje wekurima panze, kudyara miriwo yemumba nemaruva, uye tsvakiridzo yerabhoritari.

①Mumagreenhouse ezuva nemagetsi emhando dzakasiyana-siyana, huwandu hwechiedza chekugadzira chekuwedzera chiedza huchiri pasi, uye marambi esimbi ehalide nemwenje yesodium ine pressure yakanyanya ndiwo makuru. Mwero wekupinda kwema LED grow lighting systems wakaderera, asi mwero wekukura unotanga kukurumidza sezvo mutengo uchidzikira. Chikonzero chikuru ndechekuti vashandisi vane ruzivo rwenguva refu rwekushandisa marambi esimbi ehalide nemwenje yesodium ine pressure yakakura, uye kushandiswa kwemarambi esimbi ehalide nemwenje yesodium ine pressure yakakura kunogona kupa ingangoita 6% kusvika 8% yesimba rekupisa regreenhouse uku vachidzivirira kupiswa nemiti. Sisitimu ye LED grow lighting haina kupa mirairo chaiyo uye inoshanda uye rutsigiro rwedata, izvo zvakanonoka kushandiswa kwayo masikati nemagetsi emhando dzakasiyana-siyana. Parizvino, mashandisirwo madiki ekuratidzira achiri chinhu chikuru. Sezvo LED iri sosi yechiedza chinotonhora, inogona kunge iri pedyo nedenga remiti, zvichikonzera kushomeka kwekupisa. Mumasikati nemagetsi emhando dzakasiyana-siyana, marambi e LED grow light anonyanya kushandiswa mukurima pakati pemiti.

②Kushandiswa kwemwenje yezvirimwa pakurima kunze. Kupinda nekushandiswa kwemwenje yezvirimwa mukurima kwezvivakwa kwave kunonoka, ukuwo kushandiswa kwemwenje ye LED (photoperiod control) yezvirimwa zvekunze zvine mutengo wakakwira (zvakadai se dragon fruit) kwabudirira nekukurumidza.

③Mafekitori ezvirimwa. Parizvino, sisitimu yemwenje yezvirimwa inokurumidza uye inonyanya kushandiswa ifekitari yemwenje yekugadzirwa, iyo yakakamurwa kuva mafekitori ezvirimwa anofambiswa akawanda uye anoparadzirwa zvichienderana nechikamu. Kuvandudzwa kwemafekitori emwenje yekugadzirwa muChina kuri kukurumidza zvikuru. Chikamu chikuru chekudyara mari chefekitori yemwenje yekugadzirwa yakawanda haisi makambani ekurima echinyakare, asi makambani akawanda ari kuita zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zve semiconductor uye zvevatengi, zvakaita seZhongke San'an, Foxconn, Panasonic Suzhou, Jingdong, pamwe neCOFCO naXi Cui nedzimwe makambani matsva ekurima emazuva ano. Mumafekitori ezvirimwa anogoverwa uye anofamba, magaba ekutakura (magaba matsva kana kuvakazve magaba ekare) achiri kushandiswa seanotakura. Masisitimu emwenje yezvirimwa zvezvirimwa zvese zvekugadzirwa anonyanya kushandisa masisitimu emwenje emutsetse kana kuti flat-panel, uye huwandu hwemarudzi akadyarwa huri kuramba huchiwedzera. Mhando dzakasiyana dzemwenje dzechiedza dze LED dzakatanga kushandiswa zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya. Zvigadzirwa zviri pamusika zvinonyanya kuve miriwo yemashizha matema.

④Kudyara zvirimwa zvemumba. Ma LED anogona kushandiswa mumarambi etafura ezvirimwa zvemumba, muma raki ekudyara zvirimwa zvemumba, mumichina yekurima miriwo yemumba, nezvimwewo.

⑤Kurimwa kwemiti yekurapa. Kurimwa kwemiti yekurapa kunosanganisira zvirimwa zvakaita seAnoectochilus neLithospermum. Zvigadzirwa mumisika iyi zvine kukosha kwakanyanya kwehupfumi uye parizvino iindasitiri ine mashandisirwo akawanda emwenje yemiti. Pamusoro pezvo, kubvumidzwa kurimwa kwembanje kuNorth America nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeEurope kwakakurudzira kushandiswa kwemwenje ye LED mumunda wekurima mbanje.

⑥Marambi emaruva. ​​Sechishandiso chakakosha chekugadzirisa nguva yemaruva muindasitiri yekurima maruva, mwenje yemaruva yakatanga kushandiswa yaive mwenje incandescent, ichiteverwa nemwenje ye fluorescent inochengetedza simba. Nekuvandudzwa kweindasitiri ye LED, mwenje yakawanda ye LED yakatsiva mwenje yechinyakare zvishoma nezvishoma.

⑦Kurima tissue yemiti. Marambi echinyakare ekurima tissue anonyanya kushandiswa nemwenje michena yefluorescent, ine chiedza chidiki uye kupisa kwakawanda. Ma LED akakodzera kukura tissue yemiti inoshanda zvakanaka, inodzorwa uye yakamanikana nekuda kwemabasa ayo akanaka akadai sekushandisa simba shoma, kugadzira kupisa kushoma uye kugara kwenguva refu. Parizvino, machubhu machena e LED ari kutsiva mwenje michena yefluorescent zvishoma nezvishoma.

4. Kugoverwa kwemakambani emwenje yekukura munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana

Zvichienderana nehuwandu, pari zvino kune makambani emwenje yekurima anopfuura mazana matatu munyika yangu, uye makambani emwenje yekurima munharaunda yePearl River Delta anodarika 50%, uye atove panzvimbo huru. Makambani emwenje yekurima muYangtze River Delta anotora 30%, uye ichiri nzvimbo yakakosha yekugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemwenje yekurima. Makambani emwenje yekurima yechinyakare anotora nzvimbo yakawanda muYangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta neBohai Rim, ayo Rwizi Yangtze Delta inotora 53%, uye Pearl River Delta neBohai Rim zvinotora 24% ne22% zvichiteerana. Nzvimbo huru dzekugovera mwenje yeLED iPearl River Delta (62%), Yangtze River Delta (20%) neBohai Rim (12%).

B. Mafambiro ekukura kweindasitiri yemwenje ye LED

1. Kunyatsogona

Mwenje ye LED inokura ine hunhu hwe spectrum inogadziriswa uye simba rechiedza, kupisa kushoma, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwemvura, saka yakakodzera mwenje yekukura munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Panguva imwe chete, shanduko munharaunda yechisikigo uye kutsvaga kwevanhu mhando yechikafu kwakakurudzira kukura kwakasimba kwekurima kwezvivakwa uye mafekitori ekukura, uye zvakaita kuti indasitiri yemwenje ye LED ipinde munguva yekukura nekukurumidza. Mune ramangwana, mwenje ye LED ichaita basa rakakosha mukuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwekurima, kuvandudza kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu, uye kuvandudza mhando yemichero nemiriwo. Mwenje we LED unoburitsa mwenje yekukura uchakura zvakanyanya nehunyanzvi hweindasitiri zvishoma nezvishoma uye uchafamba nenzira yakatarisana.

2. Kushanda zvakanaka kwazvo

Kuvandudzwa kwekushanda zvakanaka kwechiedza uye kushanda zvakanaka kwesimba ndiyo kiyi yekuderedza zvakanyanya mari yekushandisa mwenje yezvirimwa. Kushandiswa kwema LED kutsiva marambi echinyakare uye kugadzirisa nharaunda yechiedza zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nefomura yechiedza yezvirimwa kubva padanho rembeu kusvika padanho rekukohwa ndiwo maitiro asingadzivisiki ekurima kwakacheneswa mune ramangwana. Panyaya yekuvandudza goho, inogona kurimwa muzvikamu nenzvimbo pamwe chete nefomura yechiedza zvichienderana nehunhu hwekukura kwezvirimwa kuti ivandudze kushanda zvakanaka kwekugadzira uye goho padanho rega rega. Panyaya yekuvandudza mhando, mutemo wezvekudya uye mutemo wechiedza zvinogona kushandiswa kuwedzera huwandu hwezvinovaka muviri nezvimwe zvinoshandiswa pahutano.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kudiwa kwembeu dzemuriwo munyika yose kuri mabhiriyoni mazana matanhatu nemakumi masere, nepo kugona kwembeu dzemufekitori kuri pasi pe10%. Indasitiri yembeu ine zvinodiwa zvakanyanya zvakatipoteredza. Mwaka wekugadzira unonyanya kuitika munguva yechando nechirimo. Chiedza chechisikigo hachina simba uye chiedza chekuwedzera chekugadzira chinodiwa. Mwenje wezvirimwa une simba guru rekuisa nekuburitsa uye kugamuchirwa kwakanyanya kwekushandisa. Ma LED ane mabhenefiti akasiyana, nekuti michero nemiriwo (matomatisi, magaka, manwiwa, nezvimwewo) zvinoda kuiswa, uye huwandu hwakasiyana hwechiedza chinowedzera pasi pemamiriro ehunyoro hwakanyanya hunogona kukurudzira kuporeswa kwembeu dzakaiswa. Mwenje wekuwedzera wekudyara miriwo mugreenhouse unogona kutsiva kushomeka kwechiedza chechisikigo, kuvandudza kushanda kwephotosynthesis yezvirimwa, kukurudzira kutumbuka nekukura kwemichero, kuwedzera goho, uye kuvandudza mhando yechigadzirwa. Mwenje wezvirimwa weLED une mukana wakakura wekushandiswa mumbeu dzemiriwo nekugadzira greenhouse.

3. Ungwaru

Mwenje wezvirimwa une kudiwa kukuru kwekudzora kunaka kwechiedza uye huwandu hwechiedza panguva chaiyo. Nekuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yekudzora yakangwara uye kushandiswa kweInternet of Things, mhando dzakasiyana dzema spectrum e monochromatic uye masisitimu ekudzora akangwara anogona kudzora nguva, kudzora chiedza, uye zvichienderana nemamiriro ekukura kwezvirimwa, kugadziriswa kwemhando yechiedza nenguva uye kubuda kwechiedza kuchava mafambiro makuru mukuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yemwenje yezvirimwa mune ramangwana.