Nhanganyaya

Chiedza chinoita basa guru mukukura kwezvirimwa. Ndiyo fetiraiza yakanakisisa yekukurudzira kutorwa kwechlorophyll yezvirimwa uye kutorwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzekukura kwezvirimwa dzakadai secarotene. Zvisinei, chinhu chikuru chinosarudza kukura kwezvirimwa chinhu chakakwana, kwete chete chine chekuita nechiedza, asiwo chisingaparadzaniswi nemamiriro emvura, ivhu nefeteraiza, mamiriro ekukura kwezvirimwa uye kutonga kwakazara kwehunyanzvi.

Mumakore maviri kana matatu apfuura, kwave nemishumo isingaperi pamusoro pekushandiswa kwetekinoroji yemwenje yesemiconductor maererano nemafekitori emiti ane mativi matatu kana kukura kwemiti. Asi mushure mekuiverenga nokungwarira, panogara paine kunzwa kusina kugadzikana. Kazhinji, hapana kunzwisisa chaiko kwekuti chiedza chinofanira kuita basa ripi mukukura kwemiti.

Kutanga, ngatinzwisise spectrum yezuva, sezvakaratidzwa paMufananidzo 1. Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti solar spectrum ispectrum inoenderera mberi, umo spectrum yebhuruu negirini yakasimba kupfuura spectrum tsvuku, uye spectrum yechiedza chinoonekwa inotangira pa380 kusvika 780 nm. Kukura kwezvisikwa zvine chekuita nekusimba kwespectrum. Semuenzaniso, zvirimwa zvakawanda munzvimbo iri pedyo ne equator zvinokura nekukurumidza, uye panguva imwe chete, kukura kwazvo kwakakura. Asi simba guru rekupenya kwezuva harisi nguva dzose riri nani, uye pane imwe nhanho yekusarudza kukura kwemhuka nezvirimwa.

Mufananidzo 1, Hunhu hwesolar spectrum nechiedza chayo chinooneka

Chechipiri, dhayagiramu yechipiri yezvikamu zvakakosha zvekunwa kwezvirimwa inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 2.

Mufananidzo 2, Kutorwa kwemasero akawanda emusanganiswa mukukura kwezvirimwa

Zvinogona kuonekwa kubva paMufananidzo 2 kuti maspectra ekupinza chiedza emhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemakey auxins anokanganisa kukura kwezvirimwa akasiyana zvakanyanya. Nokudaro, kushandiswa kwemwenje yekukura kwezvirimwa zve LED haisi nyaya iri nyore, asi yakanangana zvikuru. Pano zvakakosha kusuma pfungwa dzezvinhu zviviri zvakakosha zvekukura kwezvirimwa zve photosynthesis.

• Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll ndeimwe yemavara akakosha ane chekuita ne photosynthesis. Inowanikwa muzvinhu zvipenyu zvese zvinogona kugadzira photosynthesis, kusanganisira zvirimwa zvakasvibira, prokaryotic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) uye eukaryotic algae. Chlorophyll inotora simba kubva kuchiedza, iyo inoshandiswa kushandura carbon dioxide kuita makabhohaidhiretsi.

Chlorophyll a inonyanya kunwisa chiedza chitsvuku, uye chlorophyll b inonyanya kunwisa chiedza chebhuruu-violet, kunyanya kusiyanisa zvirimwa zvine mumvuri kubva kuzvirimwa zvezuva. Chiyero chechlorophyll b kune chlorophyll a yemiti ine mumvuri idiki, saka zvirimwa zvine mumvuri zvinogona kushandisa chiedza chebhuruu zvakasimba uye zvinokwanisa kukura mumumvuri. Chlorophyll a ibhuruu-girini, uye chlorophyll b igirini-yero. Kune kunwisa kwakasimba kwechlorophyll a nechlorophyll b, imwe iri munzvimbo tsvuku ine wavelength ye630-680 nm, uye imwe iri munzvimbo yebhuruu-violet ine wavelength ye400-460 nm.

• Makarotenoids

MaCarotenoids izwi rekuti mhando yemavara echisikigo akakosha, ayo anowanzo kuwanikwa mumavara eyero, orenji-tsvuku kana matsvuku mumhuka, zvirimwa zvepamusoro, howa, uye algae. Kusvika pari zvino, maCarotenoid echisikigo anopfuura mazana matanhatu akawanikwa.

Kunyudzwa kwe carotenoids chiedza kunofukidza huwandu hweOD303 ~ 505 nm, iyo inopa ruvara rwechikafu uye inokanganisa kudya kwemuviri kwechikafu. Mu algae, zvirimwa, uye tupukanana, ruvara rwayo rwakafukidzwa ne chlorophyll uye harugone kuoneka. Mumasero emiti, carotenoids inogadzirwa haingotore simba chete kuti ibatsire photosynthesis, asiwo ine basa rekudzivirira masero kuti asaparadzwe nemamorekuru eokisijeni ane simba re single-electron bond.

Kusanzwisisana kwepfungwa

Pasinei nemhedzisiro yekuchengetedza simba, kusarudzwa kwechiedza uye kubatana kwechiedza, mwenje we semiconductor waratidza mabhenefiti makuru. Zvisinei, kubva mukukura nekukurumidza kwemakore maviri apfuura, takaonawo kusanzwisisana kwakawanda mukugadzirwa nekushandiswa kwechiedza, izvo zvinonyanya kuratidzwa muzvinhu zvinotevera.

①Chero bedzi zvidimbu zvitsvuku nebhuruu zvehurefu hwakati hwewavelength zvakabatanidzwa muchiyero chakati, zvinogona kushandiswa mukurima zvirimwa, semuenzaniso, chiyero chetsvuku nebhuruu i4:1, 6:1, 9:1 zvichingodaro.

②Chero bedzi iri chiedza chena, inogona kutsiva chiedza chezuva, senge chubhu chemwenje chena chetatu-primary chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muJapan, nezvimwewo. Kushandiswa kwema spectrum aya kune mhedzisiro yakati pakukura kwezvirimwa, asi mhedzisiro yacho haina kunaka seyechiedza chinogadzirwa ne LED.

③Chero bedzi PPFD (light quantum flux density), iyo inonyanya kukosha pakuvhenekesa, ichisvika pane imwe index, semuenzaniso, PPFD yakakura kupfuura 200 μmol·m-2·s-1. Zvisinei, kana uchishandisa chiratidzo ichi, unofanirwa kutarisisa kuti ingave chirimwa chine mumvuri here kana kuti chirimwa chezuva. Unofanira kubvunza kana kuwana nzvimbo yekuzara kwechiedza chezvirimwa izvi, iyo inonziwo nzvimbo yekubvumidza chiedza. Mukushandiswa chaiko, mbesa dzinowanzopiswa kana kuoma. Nokudaro, dhizaini yeparameter iyi inofanira kugadzirwa zvichienderana nerudzi rwezvirimwa, nzvimbo yekukura nemamiriro ezvinhu.

Nezvechikamu chekutanga, sezvakatangwa musumo, chiyero chinodiwa pakukura kwezvirimwa chinofanira kunge chiri chiyero chinoenderera mberi chine upamhi hwakati hwekupararira. Zviri pachena kuti hazvina kukodzera kushandisa chiedza chakagadzirwa nezvidimbu zviviri zvewavelength zvitsvuku nebhuruu zvine chiyero chakamanikana (sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 3(a)). Mukuyedza, zvakaonekwa kuti zvirimwa zvinowanzova yero, mashizha emashizha akareruka zvikuru, uye mashizha emashizha akatetepa zvikuru.

Kune machubhu e fluorescent ane mavara matatu makuru aishandiswa mumakore apfuura, kunyangwe chena ichigadzirwa, maspectra matsvuku, egirini, nebhuruu anoparadzaniswa (sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 3(b)), uye hupamhi hwespectra hwakatetepa zvikuru. Simba respectral rechikamu chinotevera chinoenderera mberi harina kusimba, uye simba richiri rakakura zvichienzaniswa nema LED, ka1.5 kusvika katatu kupfuura simba rinoshandiswa. Nokudaro, simba rekushandisa harina kunaka semwenje ye LED.

Mufananidzo 3, Mwenje we LED wezvirimwa une ruvara rutsvuku nebhuruu uye chiedza che fluorescent chine mavara matatu

PPFD i light quantum flux density, iyo inoreva effective radiation light flux density yechiedza mu photosynthesis, iyo inomiririra huwandu hwese hwe light quanta incident pamashizha emuti mu plant leaf range iri pakati pe 400 kusvika 700 nm panguva imwe neimwe uye nzvimbo ye unit. Unit yayo i μE·m-2·s-1 (μmol·m-2·s-1). Iyo photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) inoreva total solar radiation ine wavelength iri pakati pe 400 kusvika 700 nm. Inogona kuratidzwa ne light quanta kana nesimba rinopenya.

Kare, simba rechiedza rairatidzwa ne illuminator raiva kupenya, asi huwandu hwekukura kwezvirimwa hunochinja nekuda kwehurefu hwechiedza chinobva pachirimwa, kufukidza kwechiedza uye kana chiedza chichigona kupfuura nepakati pemashizha. Saka, hazvina kururama kushandisa par sechiratidzo chekusimba kwechiedza mukudzidza photosynthesis.

Kazhinji, nzira ye photosynthesis inogona kutanga kana PPFD yemuti unofarira zuva yakakura kupfuura 50 μmol·m-2·s-1, nepo PPFD yemuti une mumvuri ichingoda 20 μmol·m-2·s-1 chete. Saka, kana uchitenga mwenje ye LED grow, unogona kusarudza huwandu hwemwenje ye LED grow zvichibva pane iyi reference value uye rudzi rwemiti yaunodyara. Semuenzaniso, kana PPFD ye LED light imwe chete iri 20 μmol·m-2·s-1, mababu e LED anopfuura matatu anodiwa kuti akure zvirimwa zvinoda zuva.

Mhinduro dzakasiyana-siyana dzekugadzira mwenje we semiconductor

Mwenje we semiconductor unoshandiswa pakukura kana kudyara zvirimwa, uye kune nzira mbiri huru dzekutarisa.

• Parizvino, modhi yekudyara mukati meimba inopisa zvikuru muChina. Modhi iyi ine hunhu hwakati wandei:

①Basa remwenje ye LED nderekupa mwenje wezvirimwa wakakwana, uye sisitimu yemwenje inodiwa kuti ipe simba rese remwenje, uye mutengo wekugadzira wakakwira;
②Magadzirirwo emwenje ye LED grow anofanira kufunga nezvekuenderera mberi uye kuvimbika kwespectrum;
③Zvakakosha kudzora nguva yechiedza uye simba rechiedza zvinobudirira, sekurega zvirimwa zvizorore kwemaawa mashoma, simba remwaranzi harina kukwana kana kuti rakasimba zvakanyanya, nezvimwewo;
④Maitiro ese anofanira kutevedzera mamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa nekukura kwakanaka kwezvirimwa panze, zvakaita sehunyoro, tembiricha uye huwandu hweCO2.

• Nzira yekudyara panze ine hwaro hwakanaka hwekudyara pagreenhouse. Hunhu hwemuenzaniso uyu ndehwekuti:

①Basa remwenje ye LED nderekuwedzera chiedza. Chimwe ndechekuwedzera simba rechiedza munzvimbo dzebhuruu netsvuku pasi pekupiswa nezuva masikati kukurudzira photosynthesis yezvirimwa, uye chimwe ndechekutsiva kana pasina chiedza chezuva husiku kukurudzira mwero wekukura kwezvirimwa.
②Chiedza chekuwedzera chinofanira kufunga nezvedanho rekukura kwechirimwa, senge nguva yekukura kwembeu kana nguva yekutumbuka nekubereka michero.

Saka, dhizaini yemwenje yekukura kwezvirimwa ye LED inofanira kutanga yava nenzira mbiri dzekutanga dzekugadzira, dzinoti, mwenje wemaawa makumi maviri nemana (yemukati) uye mwenje wekuwedzera kukura kwezvirimwa (yekunze). Pakurima zvirimwa mukati, dhizaini yemwenje yekukura kwe LED inofanirwa kufunga nezvezvinhu zvitatu, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 4. Hazvigoneke kurongedza machipisi nemavara matatu ekutanga mune imwe chiyero.

Mufananidzo 4, Pfungwa yekugadzira mwenje ye LED yemukati yekuwedzera simba remwenje kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana

Semuenzaniso, kana chirimwa chiri muchikamu chekuchengeta mbeu, tichifunga kuti chinofanira kusimbisa kukura kwemidzi nemadzinde, kusimbisa matavi emashizha, uye chiedza chinoshandiswa mumba, chirimwa chinogona kugadzirwa sezvakaratidzwa paMufananidzo 5.

Mufananidzo 5, Zvivakwa zveSpectral zvakakodzera nguva ye LED yekuchengeta vana mukati meimba

Pakugadzira mhando yechipiri yemwenje we LED grow, inonyanya kuitirwa kugadzira mhinduro yekuwedzera chiedza kuti ikurudzire kudyara pasi pegreenhouse yekunze. Pfungwa yekugadzira inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 6.

Mufananidzo 6, Mazano ekugadzira marambi ekunze ekukurisa 

Munyori wacho anoti makambani akawanda ekudyara anofanira kushandisa nzira yechipiri yekushandisa mwenje ye LED kukurudzira kukura kwezvirimwa.

Chekutanga, kurima kwekunze kwegreenhouse muChina kwave nemakumi emakore akawanda uye kwakawanda, kumaodzanyemba nekuchamhembe. Kuno kwakavakirwa zvakanaka patekinoroji yekurima greenhouse uye kunopa huwandu hwakawanda hwemichero nemiriwo mitsva pamusika kumaguta akapoteredza. Kunyanya mumunda wekudyara ivhu nemvura nefetereza, mhedzisiro yakawanda yetsvakiridzo yakawanikwa.

Chechipiri, rudzi urwu rwechiedza chekuwedzera runogona kuderedza zvakanyanya kushandiswa kwesimba zvisina kufanira, uye panguva imwe chete runogona kuwedzera goho remichero nemiriwo zvinobudirira. Pamusoro pezvo, nzvimbo yakakura yeChina iri nyore kwazvo kushambadzirwa.

Sekutsvagurudza kwesainzi kwemwenje ye LED plant, inopawo hwaro hwakakura hwekuyedza. Mufananidzo 7 rudzi rwemwenje we LED grow light wakagadzirwa nechikwata ichi chekutsvagurudza, uyo wakakodzera kurima mumagreenhouse, uye spectrum yawo inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 8.

Mufananidzo 7, Rudzi rwemwenje we LED grow

Mufananidzo 8, rudzi rwechiedza che LED chinokura

Zvichienderana nepfungwa dzekugadzira dziri pamusoro apa, timu yekutsvagisa yakaita miedzo yakatevedzana, uye mhedzisiro yekuedza yakakosha zvikuru. Semuenzaniso, pachiedza chekukura panguva yekucheneswa kwembeu, rambi rekutanga rakashandiswa irambi re fluorescent rine simba re 32 W uye kucheneswa kwembeu kwemazuva makumi mana. Tinopa mwenje we LED we 12 W, unopfupisa kucheneswa kwembeu kusvika kumazuva makumi matatu, unoderedza kupisa kwemwenje muworkshop yekucheneswa kwembeu, uye unochengetedza simba remhepo inotonhodza. Ukobvu, kureba uye ruvara rwembeu zviri nani pane mhinduro yekutanga yekucheneswa kwembeu. Kune mbeu dzemiriwo yakajairika, mhedziso dzakanaka dzekusimbisa dzakawanikwawo, dzakapfupikiswa mutafura inotevera.

Pakati pavo, boka rekuwedzera rechiedza rePPFD: 70-80 μmol·m-2·s-1, uye chiyero chetsvuku-bhuruu: 0.6-0.7. Huwandu hwePPFD yemasikati yeboka rechisikigo hwaive 40~800 μmol·m-2·s-1, uye chiyero chetsvuku nebhuruu chaive 0.6~1.2. Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti zviratidzo zviri pamusoro zviri nani pane zvembeu dzakakura zvakasikwa.

Mhedziso

Chinyorwa chino chinosuma kufambira mberi kwazvino mukushandiswa kwemwenje ye LED mukurima zvirimwa, uye chinoratidza kusanzwisisana mukushandiswa kwemwenje ye LED mukurima zvirimwa. Chekupedzisira, mazano ehunyanzvi uye marongero ekugadzira mwenje ye LED inoshandiswa mukurima zvirimwa anotanga. Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti kune zvimwe zvinhu zvinoda kutariswa mukuisa nekushandisa chiedza, zvakaita sedaro riri pakati pechiedza nechirimwa, huwandu hwemwaranzi yerambi, uye mashandisirwo emwenje nemvura yakajairwa, fetereza, nevhu.

Munyori: Yi Wang et al. Kunobva: CNKI