Nhanganyaya

Chiedza chinoita basa guru mukukura kwechirimwa.Ndiyo fetireza yakanakisa kusimudzira kutorwa kwechirimwa chlorophyll uye kutorwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzekukura kwechirimwa senge carotene.Zvisinei, chinhu chinogadzirisa chinotarisa kukura kwezvirimwa chinhu chakazara, kwete chete chine chokuita nechiedza, asiwo chisingaparadzaniswi kubva pakugadziriswa kwemvura, ivhu uye fetiraiza, mamiriro ekukura kwemamiriro ekunze uye kudzora kwakadzama kwehunyanzvi.

Mumakore maviri kana matatu apfuura, kwave kuine mishumo isingaperi pamusoro pekushandiswa kweiyo semiconductor yekuvhenekesa tekinoroji maererano nemafekitori ane mativi matatu ezvirimwa kana kukura kwechirimwa.Asi pashure pokuiverenga nokungwarira, panogara paine kumwe kunzwa kwokusagadzikana.Kazhinji, hapana kunyatsonzwisisa kuti chiedza chinofanira kuita basa rei mukukura kwechirimwa.

Kutanga, ngatinzwisisei maratidziro ezuva, sezvinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 1. Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti solar spectrum inoramba ichienderera mberi, umo ruvara rwebhuruu negirini rine simba kudarika ruvara rutsvuku, uye chiedza chinooneka chinotangira kubva. 380 kusvika 780 nm.Kukura kwezvipenyu mumasikirwo kune hukama nekusimba kweiyo spectrum.Semuenzaniso, zvirimwa zvakawanda munharaunda iri pedyo neequator zvinokura nekukurumidza, uye panguva imwe chete, ukuru hwekukura kwahwo hwakakura.Asi kukwirira kwakanyanya kwekupenya kwezuva hakusi nani nguva dzose, uye pane imwe nhanho yekusarudza kwekukura kwemhuka nemiti.

Mufananidzo 1, Hunhu hwezuva uye hunoonekwa hwechiedza

Kechipiri, iyo yechipiri dhizaini dhayagiramu yeakati wandei akakosha absorption zvinhu zvekukura kwechirimwa inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 2.

Mufananidzo 2, Absorption spectra yeakawanda auxins mukukura kwechirimwa

Zvinogona kuoneka kubva kuMufananidzo 2 kuti mwenje wekutora spectra we akati wandei makiyi auxins anokanganisa kukura kwechirimwa akasiyana zvakanyanya.Nokudaro, kushandiswa kwemwenje yekukura kwe LED haisi nyaya yakapusa, asi yakanangwa zvakanyanya.Pano zvinodikanwa kuunza pfungwa dzezviviri zvakakosha photosynthetic chirimwa kukura zvinhu.

• Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll ndeimwe yeakakosha pigment ane chekuita nephotosynthesis.Inowanikwa mune zvipenyu zvose zvinogona kugadzira photosynthesis, kusanganisira miti yakasvibirira, prokaryotic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) uye eukaryotic algae.Chlorophyll inotora simba kubva muchiedza, iyo inobva yashandiswa kushandura carbon dioxide kuva makabhohaidhiretsi.

Chlorophyll a inonyanya kutora mwenje dzvuku, uye chlorophyll b inonyanya kutora bhuruu-violet mwenje, kunyanya kusiyanisa zvirimwa zvemimvuri kubva kuzvirimwa zvezuva.Huyero hwechlorophyll b kune chlorophyll a yemiti yemumvuri idiki, saka zvirimwa zvemumvuri zvinogona kushandisa mwenje webhuruu zvine simba uye kujairana nekukura mumumvuri.Chlorophyll a iblue-green, uye chlorophyll b ndeyeyero-girinhi.Kune maviri akasimba absorption e chlorophyll a uye chlorophyll b, imwe munzvimbo dzvuku ine wavelength ye630-680 nm, uye imwe iri munzvimbo yebhuruu-violet ine wavelength ye400-460 nm.

• Carotenoids

Carotenoids ndiyo izwi rinowanzoreva kirasi yezvakakosha pigments, ayo anowanzo kuwanikwa muyero, orenji-tsvuku kana tsvuku pigment mumhuka, zvirimwa zvakakwirira, fungi, uye algae.Parizvino, anopfuura mazana matanhatu echisikigo carotenoids akawanikwa.

Chiedza chechiedza che carotenoids chinovhara huwandu hweOD303 ~ 505 nm, iyo inopa ruvara rwezvokudya uye inokanganisa kudya kwemuviri kwezvokudya.Mune algae, zvirimwa, uye tupukanana, ruvara rwayo rwakafukidzwa neklorophyll uye haigone kuoneka.Mumasero ezvirimwa, iyo carotenoids inogadzirwa kwete kungotora uye kuendesa simba kubatsira photosynthesis, asi zvakare ine basa rekudzivirira maseru kubva kuparadzwa nekunakidzwa imwe-electron bond oxygen mamorekuru.

Kumwe kusanzwisisana kwepfungwa

Pasinei nekuita kwekuchengetedza simba, kusarudzwa kwechiedza uye kuwirirana kwechiedza, semiconductor chiedza chakaratidza zvakanakira zvikuru.Zvisinei, kubva mukukurumidza kukura kwemakore maviri apfuura, takaonawo kusanzwisisana kwakawanda mukugadzirwa uye kushandiswa kwechiedza, izvo zvinonyanya kuratidzwa mune zvinotevera.

①Kureba machipisi matsvuku nebhuruu eimwe wavelength akasanganiswa mune imwe chiyero, anogona kushandiswa mukurima chirimwa, semuenzaniso, reshiyo yehutsvuku kune bhuruu ndeye 4: 1, 6: 1, 9: 1 zvichingodaro. on.

②Chenge chiri chiedza chichena, chinogona kutsiva chiedza chezuva, senge matatu-primary white light chubhu inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muJapan, etc. Kushandiswa kwezvipembenene izvi kune chimwe mhedzisiro pakukura kwezvirimwa, asi mhedzisiro yacho. hazvina kunaka semwenje sosi yakagadzirwa ne LED.

③Kureba iyo PPFD (light quantum flux density), yakakosha parameter yekuvhenekera, inosvika kune imwe index, semuenzaniso, PPFD yakakura kupfuura 200 μmol · m-2 · s-1.Nekudaro, kana uchishandisa chiratidzo ichi, unofanirwa kutarisisa kuti chirimwa chemumvuri kana chirimwa chezuva.Iwe unofanirwa kubvunza kana kutsvaga mwenje muripo wekuzadza nzvimbo yezvidyarwa izvi, izvo zvinodaidzwa zvakare kuti light compensation point.Mukushandiswa chaiko, mbesa dzinowanzopiswa kana kusvava.Naizvozvo, dhizaini yeiyi parameter inofanirwa kugadzirwa zvinoenderana nerudzi rwechirimwa, nzvimbo yekukura uye mamiriro.

Nezve chikamu chekutanga, sezvakaunzwa munhanganyaya, spectrum inodiwa pakukura kwechirimwa inofanira kuva inoenderera mberi ine humwe hupamhi hwekugovera.Zviripachena hazvina kufanira kushandisa mwenje sosi yakagadzirwa maviri chaiwo wavelength machipisi eruvara rwebhuruu neine nhete spectrum (sezvinoratidzwa muFigure 3(a)).Mukuedza, zvakaonekwa kuti zvinomera zvinowanzoita yellowish, mashizha emashizha akareruka, uye mashizha emashizha akaonda zvikuru.

Kune machubhu efluorescent ane mavara matatu ekutanga anowanzoshandiswa mumakore apfuura, kunyangwe chena ichigadzirwa, iyo tsvuku, yegirini, uye yebhuruu spectra inopatsanurwa (sezvinoratidzwa muFigure 3(b)), uye hupamhi hweiyo spectrum hwakatetepa zvakanyanya.Iyo spectral intensity yechikamu chinotevera chinoenderera haina kusimba, uye simba richiri rakakura richienzaniswa ne LEDs, 1.5 kusvika 3 nguva yekushandiswa kwesimba.Naizvozvo, mashandisiro ekushandisa haana kunaka semarambi e LED.

Mufananidzo 3, Tsvuku uye yebhuruu Chip LED chirimwa mwenje uye matatu-yekutanga ruvara rwefluorescent mwenje spectrum

PPFD ndiyo mwenje quantum flux density, iyo inoreva kushanda kwemwaranzi mwenje flux density yechiedza muphotosynthesis, iyo inomiririra huwandu hwese hwechiedza quanta chiitiko pashizha rechirimwa inodzika muwavelength renji ye400 kusvika 700 nm payuniti nguva nenzvimbo yeyuniti. .Chikamu chayo μE·m-2·s-1 (μmol·m-2·s-1).Iyo photosynthetically inoshanda nemwaranzi (PAR) inoreva iyo yakazara solar mwaranzi ine wavelength muhuwandu hwe400 kusvika 700 nm.Inogona kuratidzwa kana nechiedza quanta kana neinopenya simba.

Munguva yakapfuura, kusimba kwechiedza kwairatidzwa neilluminometer kwaive kupenya, asi huwandu hwekukura kwechirimwa hunoshanduka nekuda kwehurefu hwechiedza chechirimwa, kuvharika kwechiedza uye kana mwenje uchigona kupfuura nepakati pemashizha.Naizvozvo, hazvina kururama kushandisa par sechiratidzo chekusimba kwechiedza mukudzidza kwephotosynthesis.

Kazhinji, iyo photosynthesis mechanism inogona kutangwa apo iyo PPFD yechirimwa-inoda zuva yakakura kupfuura 50 μmol · m-2 · s-1, nepo PPFD yechirimwa chine mumvuri ichingoda 20 μmol · m-2 · s-1. .Naizvozvo, kana uchitenga mwenje we LED kukura, unogona kusarudza huwandu hwe LED kukura mwenje zvichibva pane iyi referensi kukosha uye mhando yezvirimwa zvaunodyara.Semuenzaniso, kana iyo PPFD yeimwe LED lght iri 20 μmol · m-2 · s-1, anopfuura 3 ma LED magirobhu anodiwa kuti akure zvirimwa zvinoda zuva.

Akawanda magadzirirwo ekugadzirisa semiconductor mwenje

Semiconductor mwenje inoshandiswa pakukura kwechirimwa kana kudyara, uye kune maviri ekutanga nzira dzekutarisa.

• Parizvino, muenzaniso wekudyara wemukati unopisa zvikuru muChina.Iyi modhi ine akati wandei maitiro:

①Basa remarambi e LED nderekupa huwandu hwakazara hwekuvhenekesa kwechirimwa, uye hurongwa hwekuvhenekesa hunodiwa kuti ipe simba rese rekuvhenekesa, uye mutengo wekugadzira wakakwira;
②Magadzirirwo e LED kukura mwenje inoda kufunga kuenderera uye kutendeseka kweiyo spectrum;
③Zvinodikanwa kunyatso kudzora nguva yekuvhenekesa uye kusimba kwemwenje, sekuregedza zvirimwa zvimbozorora kwemaawa mashoma, kusimba kweirradiation hakuna kukwana kana kusimba zvakanyanya, nezvimwewo;
④Maitirwo acho ese anoda kutevedzera mamiriro anodiwa neiyo chaiyo yakakwana yekukura kwezvirimwa zvekunze, senge hunyoro, tembiricha uye CO2 concentration.

• Kunze kwekudyara maitiro ane yakanaka yekunze greenhouse kudyara hwaro.Hunhu hweiyo modhi ndeiyi:

①Basa remwenje we LED nderekuwedzera mwenje.Imwe ndeyekusimudzira kusimba kwechiedza munzvimbo yebhuruu uye tsvuku pasi pekupenya kwechiedza chezuva mukati mezuva kusimudzira photosynthesis yezvirimwa, uye imwe ndeyekubhadhara kana pasina chiedza chezuva usiku kukurudzira kukura kwePlant.
②Chiedza chekuwedzera chinoda kufunga kuti chirimwa chiri padanho ripi, senge nguva yekudyara kana nguva yekutumbuka nekubereka.

Naizvozvo, dhizaini yemwenje ye LED inokura mwenje inofanira kutanga iine maviri ekutanga dhizaini modes, anoti, 24h mwenje (mukati) uye chirimwa chekuwedzera mwenje (kunze).Kurimwa kwechirimwa chemukati, dhizaini yemwenje ye LED inokura inoda kutarisisa zvinhu zvitatu, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 4. Hazvigoneke kurongedza machipisi ane matatu ekutanga mavara mune imwe chikamu.

Mufananidzo 4, Iyo dhizaini zano rekushandisa indoor LED chirimwa booster mwenje ye24h mwenje

Semuenzaniso, kune spectrum munhanho yekurera, tichifunga kuti inoda kusimbisa kukura kwemidzi uye madzinde, kusimbisa matavi emashizha, uye chiedza chinoshandiswa mukati meimba, iyo spectrum inogona kugadzirwa sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 5.

Mufananidzo 5, Spectral zvimiro zvakakodzerwa ne LED indoor nursery nguva

Kune dhizaini yerudzi rwechipiri rwe LED inokura mwenje, inonyanya kunangwa kune dhizaini mhinduro yekuwedzera mwenje kusimudzira kudyara mujinga rekunze greenhouse.Pfungwa yekugadzira inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 6.

Mufananidzo 6, Dhizaini mazano ekunze anokura mwenje 

Munyori anoratidza kuti mamwe makambani ekudyara anotora yechipiri sarudzo yekushandisa mwenje we LED kukurudzira kukura kwechirimwa.

Chokutanga pane zvose, kurima kwekunze kwegreenhouse kweChina kune makumi emakore akawanda uye ruzivo rwakasiyana-siyana, zvose kumaodzanyemba nekuchamhembe.Iyo ine nheyo yakanaka yegreenhouse kurima tekinoroji uye inopa huwandu hukuru hwemichero mitsva nemiriwo pamusika wemaguta akapoteredza.Kunyanya mumunda wevhu nemvura nekudyara fetiraiza, tsvakiridzo yakapfuma yakaitwa.

Chechipiri, rudzi urwu rwekuwedzera mwenje mhinduro inogona kuderedza zvakanyanya kushandiswa kusingakoshi kwesimba, uye panguva imwechete inogona kunyatso kuwedzera goho remichero nemiriwo.Pamusoro pezvo, nzvimbo yakakura yeChina yenzvimbo yakanakira kusimudzira.

Sekutsvagisa kwesainzi kwemwenje we LED chirimwa, inopawo hwaro hwakakura hwekuyedza hwaro.Fig. 7 imhando ye LED kukura chiedza chakagadzirwa nechikwata ichi chekutsvakurudza, icho chakakodzera kukura mumagreenhouses, uye chitarisiko chayo chinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 8.

Mufananidzo 7, Rudzi rwe LED kukura chiedza

Mufananidzo 8, spectrum yemhando ye LED inokura mwenje

Zvinoenderana nemazano ekugadzira ari pamusoro, timu yekutsvagisa yakaita nhevedzano yezviedzo, uye mhedzisiro yekuedza yakakosha.Semuenzaniso, pakukura kwechiedza panguva yekireshi, mwenje wepakutanga unoshandiswa mwenje wefluorescent une simba re32 W uye nursery cycle yemazuva makumi mana.Isu tinopa 12 W LED mwenje, iyo inopfupisa kutenderera kwembesa kusvika kumazuva makumi matatu, inonyatso kudzikisa pesvedzero yekupisa kwemarambi mumusangano wembeu, uye inochengetedza kushandiswa kwesimba kwemhepo inofefetera.Kukora, kureba uye ruvara rwembeu zviri nani pane yepakutanga yekusimudza mbesa.Kune mbesa dzemiriwo yakajairika, mhedzisiro yakanaka yekusimbisa yakawanikwa zvakare, iyo inopfupikiswa mune inotevera tafura.

Pakati pavo, iro rekuwedzera chiedza boka PPFD: 70-80 μmol · m-2 · s-1, uye tsvuku-bhuruu reshiyo: 0.6-0.7.Nhamba yemasikati PPFD kukosha kweboka rechisikigo raiva 40 ~ 800 μmol · m-2 · s-1, uye chiyero chetsvuku kune bhuruu chaiva 0.6 ~ 1.2.Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti zviratidzo zviri pamusoro zviri nani pane izvo zvemichero yakasikwa.

Mhedziso

Ichi chinyorwa chinosuma zvichangobva kuitika mukushandiswa kwemwenje we LED kukura mukurima chirimwa, uye chinonongedza kumwe kusanzwisisa mukushandiswa kwe LED kukura mwenje mukurima chirimwa.Chekupedzisira, iwo tekinoroji mazano uye zvirongwa zvekuvandudza kwe LED kukura marambi anoshandiswa kurima chirimwa anounzwa.Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti pane zvakare zvimwe zvinhu zvinoda kutariswa pakugadzwa nekushandiswa kwechiedza, senge chinhambwe chiri pakati pechiedza nechirimwa, kupenya kwerambi, uye mashandisirwo emwenje nemwenje. mvura yakajairika, fetereza, uye ivhu.

Munyori: Yi Wang et al.Kunobva: CNKI